Energy from biomass and wastes: 1985 update and review

Donald L. Klass
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引用次数: 7

Abstract

The gradual and then rapid reduction of crude oil prices, the impact of U.S. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings legislation (to reduce budget deficits) on R&D (research and development) budgets, the partial elimination of renewable-energy tax credits, and the possible elimination of all energy tax credits and forgiveness via tax reform, are all taking their toll on energy research and commercialization ventures. However, it appears that “biofuels” will survive and continue to exhibit modest increases in contributions to primary energy demand. A comprehensive assessment of renewable-technology options has shown that biofuels is the only option capable of making significant contributions to all energy sectors. The total contribution of renewable energy to primary energy demand in the U.S.A. is about 7.2EJ/y (6.8 quad/y); biofuels provide about 40% of the total. Research on short-rotation intensive-culture (SRIC) trees and herbaceous and aquatic biomass has identified specific species for development. Some of these species appear to be near economic feasibility as energy crops now. Commercialization of biomass and waste combustion systems has shown a spurt in growth because of the business opportunities offered by laws encouraging cogeneration. Thermochemical gasification research on advanced technology systems has reached the point where scale-up is being considered. Commercialization of state-ofthe-art technologies has slowed, but applications for small-scale producer gasifiers, particularly in developing countries, continue to expand. Thermochemical liquefaction research has concentrated mainly on high-temperature pyrolytic conversion methods that can increase yields and selectivities. Significant research achievements have been made in anaerobic digestion, but whatever its future as a large-scale source of methane, it is clear that digestion capacity will have to increase many-fold before biological methane can attain its potential. The mandated reduction in lead content of gasolines presents substantial marketing opportunities to alcohol-fuel producers. If projections for ethanol-fuel markets materialize, conversion of low-cost lignocellulosic materials will be necessary. Research to develop this technology is now in progress.

生物质和废物能源:1985年更新和回顾
原油价格的逐渐和迅速下降,美国旨在减少预算赤字的格拉姆-鲁德曼-霍林斯法案对研发预算的影响,可再生能源税收抵免的部分取消,以及所有能源税收抵免的可能取消和通过税制改革的宽恕,都对能源研究和商业化企业造成了影响。然而,“生物燃料”似乎将继续存在,并继续在初级能源需求中表现出适度的增长。对可再生能源技术的综合评估表明,生物燃料是唯一能够对所有能源部门做出重大贡献的选择。在美国,可再生能源对一次能源需求的总贡献约为7.2EJ/年(6.8 quad/年);生物燃料约占总量的40%。短期轮作集约栽培(SRIC)树木、草本和水生生物量的研究已经确定了特定的开发物种。现在,其中一些物种作为能源作物似乎接近经济可行性。由于鼓励热电联产的法律提供了商业机会,生物质和废物燃烧系统的商业化已显示出井喷式增长。对先进技术系统的热化学气化研究已经达到了考虑扩大规模的程度。最先进技术的商业化已经放缓,但小规模生产者气化炉的应用,特别是在发展中国家,继续扩大。热化学液化的研究主要集中在能够提高收率和选择性的高温热解转化方法上。在厌氧消化方面已经取得了重大的研究成果,但无论厌氧消化作为大规模甲烷来源的未来如何,很明显,在生物甲烷发挥其潜力之前,消化能力必须增加许多倍。强制性降低汽油含铅量为酒精燃料生产商提供了大量的营销机会。如果对乙醇燃料市场的预测成为现实,低成本木质纤维素材料的转化将是必要的。开发这项技术的研究正在进行中。
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