Adverse effects of cadmium on the thyroid, kidneys, and testes in Wistar albino rats and the possible modulatory role of Zizyphus spina-christi (Sidr) fruit extract (Histological and biochemical studies)

A. E. El-Beltagy, Bahgat Abdelaziz, Karoline K Abdelaziz, Mamdouh Elsawy, Reham Ghanem
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Abstract

Background: Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial and environmental pollutant that exerts adverse effects on different organs in humans and animals. Endocrine organs, such as the thyroid, kidneys, testis, and placenta, are sensitive to the toxic effects of Cd. Ziziphus spina-christi fruit has been claimed to exhibit potent anti-oxidative and free radical scavenging abilities. Aim : This work is mainly designed to evaluate the potential modulatory role of Z. spina-christi fruit extract against thyroid, kidney, and testicular impairments associated with cadmium chloride (Cd Cl2) exposure in rats. Material & Methods : Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): group I served as control, group II was supplemented daily with Ziziphus fruit extract (200 mg/kg b.wt), group III was treated with CdCl2 (5 mg/kg b.wt) each other day, and group IV was administered with CdCl2 simultaneously with Ziziphus fruit extract. The experiment was conducted for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, the rats of all groups were weighed and sacrificed, and the thyroid, kidneys, and testes were immediately excised, and processed for histological and biochemical evaluation of antioxidants and apoptosis. Also, blood samples were collected and analyzed to estimate the appropriate biochemical parameters for each organ. Results: In CdCl2 treated rats, the levels of serum hormones (TSH, T3, T4, FSH, LH, and testosterone) were significantly decreased if compared with control. Additionally, the levels of calcium, phosphorus ions, and albumin were also decreased while the level of total cholesterol was significantly elevated compared with the control. Moreover, the levels SOD and GSH were significantly lowered while the level of MDA was elevated in the tissues of all target organs (thyroid, kidney, and testes). Also, the sections from the thyroid, kidney, and testes displayed pronounced deleterious histological changes. Furthermore, the mean % values of positively expressed cells for caspase-3 and annexin-v markers were significantly elevated in the thyroid and testicular tissues of CdCl2 received rats compared to control. Co-supplementation of Z. spina-christi fruit extract to CdCl2 exposed rats successfully restored the altered biochemical and histological and apoptotic changes induced by cadmium . Conclusion: It is concluded that Z. spina-christi fruit extract has a powerful protective role against Cd-induced deleterious biochemical and histological changes in the thyroid, kidneys, and testes of male rats.
镉对Wistar白化大鼠甲状腺、肾脏和睾丸的不良影响及紫紫果提取物可能的调节作用(组织学和生化研究)
背景:镉(Cd)是一种工业和环境污染物,对人类和动物的不同器官产生不利影响。内分泌器官,如甲状腺、肾脏、睾丸和胎盘,对Cd的毒性作用很敏感。据称,Ziziphus spina-christi果实具有强大的抗氧化和自由基清除能力。目的:研究枳实提取物对大鼠氯化镉(Cd Cl2)暴露引起的甲状腺、肾脏和睾丸损伤的潜在调节作用。材料与方法:雄性大鼠24只,随机分为4组(n = 6):ⅰ组为对照组,ⅱ组每天添加紫杉树果提取物(200 mg/kg b.wt),ⅲ组每隔一天添加CdCl2 (5 mg/kg b.wt),ⅳ组在紫杉树果提取物的同时添加CdCl2。试验期45 d。实验结束后,称重处死各组大鼠,立即切除甲状腺、肾脏和睾丸,进行抗氧化剂和细胞凋亡的组织学和生化评价。同时,采集血液样本并进行分析,以估计每个器官的适当生化参数。结果:与对照组相比,CdCl2治疗大鼠血清激素(TSH、T3、T4、FSH、LH和睾酮)水平显著降低。此外,与对照组相比,钙、磷离子和白蛋白水平也有所下降,而总胆固醇水平明显升高。靶器官(甲状腺、肾脏、睾丸)组织中SOD、GSH水平明显降低,MDA水平升高。此外,甲状腺、肾脏和睾丸切片显示明显的有害组织学改变。此外,与对照组相比,接受CdCl2治疗的大鼠甲状腺和睾丸组织中caspase-3和annexin-v标记物阳性表达细胞的平均百分比值显著升高。在CdCl2暴露的大鼠中,共补充枳实提取物可恢复镉诱导的生化、组织学和凋亡变化。结论:枳实提取物对cd诱导的雄性大鼠甲状腺、肾脏和睾丸的有害生化和组织学变化具有较强的保护作用。
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