Іnfluence of long-term use of primary tillage systems on weed infestation of agrocenosis

V. Kyryliuk
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Abstract

Topicality. The study of the long-term use of different primary tillage systems will allow us to identify, and consequently predict, possible impacts on production from their use. Purpose. To study the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on weed infestation of fields. Methods. The research was conducted in a ten-field crop rotation of the stationary experiment in 1989–2000, five-field in 2001–2008, four-field in 2009–2016, and four-field in 2017–2022 at the Khmelnytskyi State Agricultural Experi- mental Station of the Institute of Feed Research and Agriculture of Podillia. In the first (1989–2000) and second (2001–2008) periods, seven systems of primary tillage were studied, including1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) combined system 1 – surface disking under winter crops after annual crops, moldboard tillage for sugar beet, chisel tillage for all other crops; 4) combined system 2 – surface disking for winter crops after annual crops, chisel tillage for sugar beet, moldboard tillage for all other crops; 5) subsurface tillage for all crops; 6) variable-depth ploughing for all crops; 7) surface tillage – surface disking for all crops. Five systems were studied in the third (2009–2016) and fourth (2017–2022) periods: 1) moldboard tillage for all crops; 2) chisel tillage for all crops; 3) subsurface tillage for all crops; 4) disk tillage for all crops; 5) minimum tillage – shallow disk tillage for all crops, and since 2020 – differentiated tillage, which includes moldboard and moldboardless tillage in crop rotation. The crop cultivation technology is generally accepted for the zone, with the exception of the studied variants of the primary tillage systems. Results. The results of studies of the impact of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage on the quantitative and species composition of the weed component of agrocenosis are presented. It was found that the most favourable phytosanitary condition for all crops was observed under the moldboard system, which resulted in the lowest weed infestation, the chisel system being the closest to it. In all moldboardless systems, the number of weeds was 38–110 % higher than in the moldboard system, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 6–31 %. Conclusions. As a result of long-term use of different systems of primary tillage, it was found that the best phytosanitary condition for all agrocenosis was in the moldboard system, which was characterised by the lowest number and weight of weeds, the closest to it was the chisel system. In general, the number of weeds in moldboardless systems was 38–110 % higher than in moldboard systems, their vegetative air-dry weight increased by 15–47 %, and the number of species increased by 12–29 %. During 33 years, the field agrocenosis was purified from weeds due to all systems of primary tillage with a decrease in the number of weeds by 53–71 %, their vegetative air-dry mass by 52–70 %, and the number of species by 33–58 %, with the simultaneous formation of a small group of resistant species that are present in agrocenosis permanently in all systems. Key words: moldboard tillage, chisel tillage, subsurface tillage, disking, weeds
Іnfluence长期使用初级耕作制度对杂草侵染的影响
时事性。对长期使用不同初级耕作制度的研究将使我们能够确定并因此预测其使用对生产可能产生的影响。目的。研究长期使用不同初耕制度对农田杂草侵害的影响。方法。研究采用1989-2000年10田轮作、2001-2008年5田轮作、2009-2016年4田轮作、2017-2022年4田轮作的固定试验方式,在俄罗斯波迪利亚省饲料与农业研究所赫梅利尼茨基国家农业试验站进行。在第一期(1989-2000年)和第二期(2001-2008年)研究了7种初级耕作制度,包括:1)所有作物的模板耕作;2)所有作物采用凿子耕作;3)组合型耕作制度1——一年生作物后冬生作物采用盘面耕作,甜菜采用板耕,其他作物采用凿子耕作;4)组合系统2——一年生作物后,冬季作物采用圆盘耕作,甜菜采用凿子耕作,其他作物采用板耕作;5)所有作物的地下耕作;6)全作物变深耕;7)表面耕作-对所有作物进行表面耕作。在第三阶段(2009-2016年)和第四阶段(2017-2022年)研究了五种制度:1)所有作物的模板耕作;2)所有作物采用凿子耕作;3)所有作物的地下耕作;4)所有作物采用圆盘耕作;5)最小耕作-对所有作物实行浅盘耕作,自2020年起实行分蘖耕作,包括作物轮作中的犁耕和无犁耕。该地区普遍接受作物栽培技术,除了所研究的初级耕作制度变体。结果。本文介绍了长期使用不同初耕制度对农病杂草成分数量和种类组成影响的研究结果。结果表明,所有作物的植物检疫条件最有利的是模板制,其杂草侵染率最低,而凿子制最接近。在所有无模板系统中,杂草数量比有模板系统增加了38 ~ 110%,营养干重增加了15 ~ 47%,种数增加了6 ~ 31%。结论。通过对不同初耕制度的长期使用,发现对所有黑穗病的植物检疫条件最好的是模板制度,其特点是杂草的数量和重量最低,最接近的是凿制。总体而言,无模制杂草数量比有模制杂草多38 ~ 110%,植物干重增加15 ~ 47%,种数增加12 ~ 29%。在33年的时间里,由于所有的初级耕作制度,杂草被清除,杂草数量减少了53 - 71%,它们的营养空气干质量减少了52 - 70%,物种数量减少了33 - 58%,同时形成了一小群抗性物种,这些物种在所有制度中都长期存在于农病中。关键词:犁式耕作,凿子耕作,地下耕作,圆盘耕作,杂草
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