Hydrometallurgical methods of indium recovery from obsolete LCD and LED panels

Abstract

The paper shows a review of the literature data on the possibilities of indium recovery from ITO layers of waste LCD and LED displays. A short characterization of indium, its compounds, resources, production and applications are presented. Structure and operation of  LCD displays were shown. Detailed analysis of ITO leaching, methods of indium(III) ions separation from the leachate solutions (SX, HoLLE, IX) as well as recovery of final products (precipitation, cementation, electrowinning) were discussed.