Approach to the dyspneic avian patient

Abstract

After a description of anatomy and physiology of the avian respiratory system, an approach to the dyspneic patient is discussed. Diagnostics that may be helpful in determining the cause of dyspnea include radiographic imaging, ultrasound, cytology of sinus or tracheal flushes, and endoscopy. Various avian respiratory diseases that may present on an emergency basis are described along with therapeutic options.