Hegemony of two avian species: Black kites and Cattle egrets on two distant landfills during COVID-19 pandemic in Gujranwala, Pakistan

Abstract

The pandemic of COVID -19 has brought many changes to wildlife globally positively or negatively. During lock downs the abundance of many wild species has increased due to decease in human disturbance in area. This study is designed to compare two landfills situated 22 km apart in the Gujranwala, Punjab in terms of avifauna diversity, abundance and foraging behavior during COVID-19 pandemic. The field observations using the total count method of population census revealed the abundance of contrasting avian species at both sites with a very low values of the diversity index (H= 1.146 Chianwali & H=1.697 Gondalawala ) and species evenness (E= 0.423 Chianwali & E= 0.587 Gondalawala). A large variation in bird’s population was recorded at both landfills, i.e. N > 17,300 at one landfill (Chianwali) and N> 26,200 at the other (Gondalawala). Time dependent variation in population was also observed. Cattle egret was dominant species (~75% of population) at the Chianwali landfill site while the Black kite (~55% of population) was the dominant species at Gondalawala landfill. House crow was the second dominant species at both sites. Birds were grouped into categories based on ecological behaviors such as dominance, opportunists, insectivory etc. The study finds that each landfill has its own specific character depending upon the geographical location, accessibility of birds to landfills, and management practices such as presence of boundary wall and artificial lights. Moreover, it also finds that COVID -19 lockdown provided an opportunity to wild avian species to exploit human rehabilitated areas abundantly where there presence was very few because of dominance of human beings and their activities.