Battle of Salamis: 480 BC

IF 0.1 4区 历史学 Q3 HISTORY
Peter Krentz
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Abstract

In 480 bce, the Greeks defeated the Persian fleet off the island of Salamis in the largest naval battle ever fought in the ancient world. The Greek victory proved to be the turning point in the war, for the Persian king, Xerxes, returned to Asia with his surviving ships and the majority of his land troops. The Persian invading forces, which included a diverse array of infantry recruited from the vast empire and warships and rowers from the peoples bordering the Mediterranean Sea, had advanced from Asia in tandem by land and sea along the coast of the Aegean, without encountering opposition until they reached the pass at Thermopylae in late August. When Thermopylae fell in a matter of days, the assembled Greek navy abandoned its position at nearby Artemisium, on the island of Euboea, and withdrew to the south. The Athenians evacuated their city and took their families to Aegina, Troizen, and Salamis, an island just off the coast of Attica, where the Greek fleet moored. Only some two dozen out of the hundreds of Greek cities sent ships; more Greek cities, in fact, fought for the Persians as subjects of the Persian Empire. By mid-September, Xerxes had advanced through central Greece, looting and burning as he went, and captured Athens. But with summer coming to an end and stormy weather on the way, he decided to attack at Salamis rather than wait for the Greek coalition to disintegrate. After blocking the exits from the straits at night to prevent escape, the Persians were surprised to find the Greeks ready to fight in the morning. In the battle, the outnumbered Greeks took advantage of restricted waters between Salamis and the mainland. The Persian ships became more and more crowded together as the ships in the rear pressed forward, their captains eager to prove themselves under Xerxes’ watchful eyes. The Greek ships, heavier and sturdier, won by ramming the Persian ships, which were designed for greater maneuverability but lacked the open water they needed. Scholars debate just about every aspect of the battle, from the reliability of the ancient sources to the nature of the wooden warships involved, from the numbers of these ships to the topography of the Salamis strait at the time of the battle, from the credibility of Themistocles’ trick to lure Xerxes into fighting to the reconstruction of the fighting itself and its last act, in which land troops played a role.
萨拉米斯战役:公元前480年
公元前480年,希腊人在萨拉米斯岛附近击败了波斯舰队,这是古代世界有史以来规模最大的海战。希腊的胜利被证明是战争的转折点,因为波斯国王薛西斯带着他幸存的船只和大部分陆地部队回到了亚洲。波斯侵略军,包括从庞大帝国招募的各种步兵,以及地中海沿岸民族的军舰和划艇手,从亚洲出发,沿着爱琴海海岸陆路和海路齐头前进,直到8月下旬到达塞莫皮莱隘口才遇到抵抗。当塞莫皮雷在几天内陷落时,集结起来的希腊海军放弃了在附近的阿特米西翁(Artemisium)的阵地,向南撤退。雅典人撤离了他们的城市,带着他们的家人去了埃伊纳岛、特罗伊岑岛和萨拉米斯岛,一个离阿提卡海岸不远的岛屿,希腊舰队停泊在那里。在数百个希腊城市中,只有大约24个城市派出了船只;事实上,更多的希腊城市作为波斯帝国的臣民为波斯人而战。到9月中旬,薛西斯已经推进到希腊中部,沿途抢劫和焚烧,并占领了雅典。但随着夏天即将结束,暴风雨即将来临,他决定进攻萨拉米斯,而不是等待希腊联盟解体。波斯人在夜间封锁了海峡的出口以防止逃跑,第二天早上,他们惊讶地发现希腊人已经准备好了战斗。在战斗中,寡不敌众的希腊人利用了萨拉米斯和大陆之间的狭窄水域。随着后方的船只向前推进,波斯船只变得越来越拥挤,他们的船长渴望在薛西斯的监视下证明自己。希腊的战船更重更坚固,击败了波斯的战船。波斯的战船设计为更大的机动性,但缺乏所需的开阔水域。学者们对这场战役的各个方面都有争论,从古代资料的可靠性到木制战舰的性质,从这些船只的数量到战斗时萨拉米斯海峡的地形,从地米斯托克利引诱薛西斯参加战斗的诡计的可信度到战斗本身的重建以及最后的行动,其中陆地部队发挥了作用。
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