The northern hawk owl Surnia ulula invasions in Europe

Abstract

Abstract The northern hawk owl is a real irruptive species that respond to irregular changes in the food supply. When prey levels are adequate, it breeds and winters within northern forests. Decreased prey availability can start winter invasions, the timing and magnitude of which are the subject of this study. Mainly the citizen data were extracted from the national bird websites to obtain data on the number of northern hawk owls observed in 2010–22. This paper demonstrates that through citizen data large amounts of information can be collected over wide areas, entire Europe in this case. From Finland to Poland and Czechia the invasions years were very similar, 2013–14, 2017–18 and 2021–22 but in Sweden and Norway three clear irruption years were a year or two before. In Denmark, the clear invasions years were 2013–14, 2016–17 and 2019–20 but Poland, peak years were not at all as clear as in the other countries. The invasions started earliest in Finland in September and peaked in November. In Estonia and Latvia peaks occurred from November to January. In Poland, irruption peaked a month later in December but continued until April like in Finland, Estonia and Latvia. The origin of the irrupting owls in the region has been debated. In Norway, authors are convinced that owls originate from Fennoscandia but this paper indicates that mass invasions have to originate from northern Russia. However, only in Denmark there was one Russian northern hawk owl ring recovery. Further ring recoveries and preferably GPS tagging and satellite tracking of the northern hawk owls are awaited to have a better picture of invasion movements and future conservation needs.