Multidimensional Relations Between Sultan Abdulhamid II and Pope Leo XIII and the Reflections of These Relations in the Ottoman and Rome

Abstract

The last quarter of the 19th century was a period of good relations between Rome and Istanbul. There was the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) on the one side and the Roman Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) on the other. Many Catholics living in the Ottoman Empire were an important factor in their cooperation. It is seen that the correspondence between Pope and Sultan intensified during this period. Both parties were not indifferent to each other's important days and there were mutual gifts. In this study, it has predominantly referenced the Ottoman Archive Documents and news from Istanbul and the European press at that time, in addition to the basic sources. Methodologically, it has hase been used the descriptive and comparative approach extensively.