Gongora-ko (Nafarroa) Jauregizaharra jauregiaren datazio dendrokronologikoa

Abstract

espanolEn este trabajo se presenta la datacion dendrocronologica del palacio Jauregizaharra de Gongora (Navarra). Desde el aspecto dendrocronologico se han construido 3 cronologias de referencia, y, desde el punto de vista de la historia de edificios de linajes aristocraticos, se presenta la datacion de las fases del palacio. Desde el lado dendrocronologico se han analizado un total de 242 maderas de roble pubescente, quejigo, pino albar y olmo. Se han comparado con cronologias absolutas de la zona. Esta comparacion ha dado dataciones de derribo del arbol del siglo XV hasta el XIX. Inicialmente constaba de una torre de base cuadrada. Alrededor de la torre se fueron construyendo diversos edificios hasta crear un primer patio a finales del siglo XV. El siglo XVI se construyo un segundo patio mas amplio. Tomando en consideracion las dataciones de corte de los arboles se puede decir que la mayor parte del palacio se construyo entre los anos 1445 y 1510. EnglishSeveral dendrochronological studies have been conducted in the Basque Country (Susperregi and Prado, 2000 and 2003; Susperregi, 2004 and 2016; Susperregi et al., 2017; Lizeaga, 2009 and 2010). This paper presents the dates assigned to many wooden structures of the medieval palace of Jauregizaharra, which is located in Gongora (Image 1). Furthermore, absolute chronologies were determined with regard to Pyrenean oaks, Portuguese oaks, Scots pines and elms. Gongora is a village located in the municipality of Aranguren (Image 2). The sub-Mediterranean climate characterises the area studied. In the surrounding plain, there are forests composed of Quercus faginea, Q. humilis and Q. ilex. In the mountain side, Pinus sylvestris and Fagus sylvatica are the predominant trees. The palace of Gongora was first mentioned in the year 1389. Table I shows the amount of samples obtained. Wood slices (Image 4) and wood chips pulled out by using a drill (Image 5) were sampled. Based on the dichotomous keys developed by Sherwin (1988) and Schoch et al. (2017), the gender of botanical species of wood was identified: Quercus sp., Pinus sp. and Ulmus sp. After being sanded, wood samples were scanned using 2400 dpi, and the width of the rings was measured by using the application OSM (Knibbe, 2000) in two opposed radii. False rings, missing rings, cumulative growth, damage to the wood caused by breaking and similar anatomical issues were identified. Computer applications such as COFECHA (Holmes, 1983) and dplR (Bunn, 2008; Bunn, 2010) were used to examine statistics on cross-dating. In order to calculate the index of measurements of rings, researches used smoothing splines with 50% frequency response of 32 years, autoregressive models, logarithms and Tukey’s range test (Cook and Kairiukstis, 1990 and Grissino-Mayer, 2001). Three floating chronologies were obtained in total (Table II): Quercus gender (Pyrenean oaks, Portuguese oaks), Pinus gender (several pines) and Ulmus gender (elm). The three chronologies determined in Gongora were cross-dated with absolute chronologies of Quercus sp. in Navarre (Table III). The reliability of the chronology of Pyrenean oaks and Portuguese oaks is very high. Statistical results obtained from data about chronologies of elms and Pyrenean oaks are also appropriate. Nevertheless, since different species were cross-dated, there is not enough foundation to determine its adequacy. The adequacy of the chronogoly of pines is moderate. A piece of wood from the oldest part of Jauregizaharra was sampled (Image 6). It has 45 growth rings and cross-dating was impossible. Based on structural elements, the tower of Jauregizaharra is prior to the building phase in 1445. Eight frames from the ground floor in enclosure 2 (Image 3) date from 1445-1446, four of which were made from the same tree, and four bays date from 1487-1488 (Image 7). Furthermore, the only bay from the ceiling of the ground floor in enclosure 3 dates back to 1487-1488 as well. Wood in enclosure 6A, both from the first floor and the ceiling date from 1487-1488. The last time wood was cut in enclosure 15 was in 1490-1491. Wood in enclosure 15 is very different from the rest. The date of the felling of the wood in enclosure 5, two pieces of wood in enclosure 4 (Pyrenean oak and Portuguese oak) and wood in enclosure 11 date from 1499-1500. In enclosure 13, the wood of seven bays and the wood of the bar of the main door in enclosure 10 were cut in 1510-1511. In the years 1563-1564, frames from the first floor of closure 3 were cut. An elm located between enclosures 16 and 14 dates back to 1566- 1567. Wood in enclosure 16 dates from 1583-1584. Nine samples from enclosure 12 date from 1588. The door head from enclosure 9, the only board found in enclosure 7 and three bays found in enclosure 6B are made of wood from the first quarter of the 17th century. 8 boards from the ceiling, window frames from the eastside, the door frame from enclosure 6A and a corbel from enclosure 13 date from the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The dates provided refer to the felling of the tree. The stone building jointed by wood may be prior or subsequent, since they were used to renovate a building, in the first place. And, in the second place, because wood had two or more purposes. In the case of Jauregizaharra, since 242 pieces of wood were analysed, it is believed that the accuracy of the research data obtained is considerable. Only after research on other palaces is conducted will the dates determined in Jauregizaharra be able to spread rapidly. EuskaraLan honetan Nafarroako Gongora herriko Jauregizaharraren datazio dendrokrologikoa aurkezten da. Dendrokronologia aldetik hiru erreferentziazko zur-kronologia sortu dira, eta eraikuntzen alde historikotik, Espainiako ipar-erdialdeko aristokrazia leinuen ohiko eraikuntza den jauregiaren eraikuntza faseen datazioa aurkezten da. Alde dendrokronologikoan guztira 242 ametz, erkametz, pinu gorri eta zumarren zurak aztertu dira. Zur hauek XV. mendetik XIX. mende arteko zuhaitz ebaketa datak eman dituzte. Eraikuntzaren aldetik, hasieran defentsarako prestatuak ziren egiturak, inguruko hainbat baliabide ekonomikori erantzuna emateko garatutako jauregia bihurtu zen. Dorre garai oin karratu baten inguruan eraikin itsatsiak egin ziren, lehenik erdiko patio bat eta ondoren inguruan hainbat eraikin erantsiak eraiki ziren bigarren patio bat sortuaz. XV. medea baino lehenagokoa den dorrea da hasierako eraikina, XV. mendearen bukaeran alde batera dorreari eraikin berriak eta patio bat erantsi zitzaizkion. XVI. mendearen hasieran bigarren patio handiago bat erantsi zitzaion. Zuren ebaketa data aintzaz hartuz gero esan daiteke jauregiaren zatirik handiena 1445. urtetik 1510. urte artean egina dela.