Comprehensive Review on Ethnopharmacological and Phytochemical Aspects of Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract

Ageing comes with degeneration in many biological activities like impairment of cognition, intelligence, attention, and memory. The decline in all those mental capabilities would be due to the abnormal changes in neuronal architecture with increasing age, chronic oxidative stress and inflammatory state of the tissue, nutritional deficiency. Nootropics or smart drugs enhance memory, attention, creativity, and cognitive performance by affecting the synthesis and receptor binding of neurotransmitters in the brain, especially dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, and acetylcholine. Nootropics have shown their positive effects in parkinson's, autism, alzheimer's, huntington's disorders, where impaired memory is the primary concern. Synthetic class of nootropics has limitations and reported exacerbation of other brain disorders (off label effects) or therapeutic failure in some instances. Nutraceuticals are dietary derived vitamins, minerals, herbal products, proteins, marine products, and probiotics. The health benefits derived from Nutraceuticals are increasing brain blood flow, reducing inflammation in nervous tissues, detoxifying toxins from the brain, balancing neurotransmitter turnover rate, correcting neuronal and receptor damages and facilitating synaptic transmission, good antioxidant properties and power of improving neuroplasticity of the brain that combat neurodegeneration. The demands for effective nootropics will remain high as the number of cases are increased tremendously.