Toxicity Interactions of Nanomaterials in Biological System: A Pressing Priority

Abstract

Nanomaterials have made a rebellion in biomedical application especially treating several diseases due to its distinctive compositions. However, increased utilization of nanomaterials in biomedical applications has made an initiative to understand the possible interaction between the nanomaterials with the biological systems. These tiny particles enter into the body very easily and affect vulnerable systems which raise the interrogation of their potential effects on the susceptible organs. It is very crucial to comprehend the various exposure pathways, their movement, behavior and ultimate outcome. Specific and unique physicochemical properties, such as particle size and distribution, surface area, charge and coatings, particle shape/ structure, dissolution and aggregation, influence the nanomaterial interactions with cells. Toxicities in biological systems occurs as a result of a result of a variety of reasons including the production of ROS reactive oxygen species, degradation of the integrity of membrane and release of toxic metal ions thus preventing normal cell function. Various researchers have provided promising evidence that nanomaterial’s actively encompass and mediate chemical processes of cell, in addition to their passive interactions with cells. Certainly, it is very much essential to understand the possible toxic interactions of nanomaterial’s with the biological system as Nano toxicology. In this review, we emphasize the toxicological effects on different organs pertaining to nanomaterial-biological system interaction