Characterization, Associated Risk Factors and Possible Treatment of Healthcare Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA)

Abstract

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has long been a common pathogen in healthcare facilities, but now, it has emerged as a problematic pathogen in the community setting as well. Healthcare-Associated Methicillin- Resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA) and Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA) strains have appeared as a significant pathogen in healthcare and community-associated settings. The CA-MRSA used to be susceptible to mostly used antibiotics, but the criteria have been changed for past decade. Although HA-MRSA most commonly found in urine but CA-MRSA responsible for causing UTI. So Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be used as gold standard to characterize S. aureus (nuc gene), MRSA (mecA gene), CA-MRSA (PVL gene in SCCmec types IV). On the other hand, HA-MRSA can be detected by the detection of SCCmec types I, II, or III. But detection of PVL gene may reduce cost and time to screen CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. After identifying targeting gene, sequencing can be carried out to know amino acid changes or any mutation that may occur in PVL gene and may change the characteristics of CA-MRSA. Whole genome sequencing can play a vital role for shaping the future and identifying transmission of MRSA in outbreak or endemic settings. Another way to control infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA is to control risk factors and important to identify the antibiotics before prescribing to the infected person. Though vancomycin has susceptibility to most of MRSA but resistant pattern has also been found. Development of vaccines against MRSA may have dramatic impacts upon morbidity and mortality caused by a number of infection associated with HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA. However, further work is required to assess their long-term roles in controlling infection associated with MRSA