VISUALIZATION OF TRADITIONAL AESTHETIC PRINCIPLES IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE OF JAPAN

Abstract

Представлен результат исследования соотношения традиций и новаций в современной архитектуре Японии. Уникальность современной японской архитектуры состоит в эффективной экспликации традиционных эстетических принципов в визуальном искусстве, развитие которого неизбежно детерминировано социально-историческим контекстом. Прослежена экспликация эстетических принципов (моно-но аварэ, югэн, ваби, саби), сформированных в эпоху Средневековья, в современном социокультурном пространстве Страны восходящего солнца. Эти принципы сохраняют себя в качестве элементов современной эстетической парадигмы, на основе которой происходит развитие архитектуры, и детерминируют формирование кодов архитектурного пространства. Продемонстрировано развитие новых направлений в современной японской архитектуре. Обосновано, что среди них доминирующее значение получили минимализм и метаболизм. Несмотря на влияние западных архитектурных образцов, их представителям удалось сохранить архитектурную самобытность, сформировав новые архитектурные стили. Это оказалось осуществимым благодаря гибкому балансированию между традициями и новациями, а также их эффективному синтезу; современная японская архитектура становится одним из способов сохранения культурной самобытности в контексте влияния западных архитектурных образцов. Выявлены основные архитектурные приемы, являющиеся проводниками традиции в современной архитектуре: позиционирование архитектуры как продолжения природы, чем обусловлено формообразование; воплощение традиционных эстетических принципов посредством элементов архитектурного пространства (пустота–промежуток–тень); использование сочетаний традиционных и современных материалов. The article analyzes the problem of the correlation of traditions and innovations in modern architecture in Japan. The problem of preserving architectural identity has become especially relevant in the context of globalization. The uniqueness of modern Japanese architecture consists in the effective explication of traditional aesthetic principles in visual art, whose development is inevitably determined by the socio-historical context. The traditional aesthetic principles which were formed in the Middle Ages and have preserved their significance and influence on the modern socio-cultural space of the Land of the Rising Sun are considered. Among them are the principles of mono-no avare, yugen, wabi, sabi. These principles reflect the traditional Japanese worldview and peculiarities of thinking, since they go back to the traditional religious and philosophical teachings that have spread in Japan. Their visualization by means of architectural techniques is especially significant because it allows us to maintain socio-cultural continuity and the connection of times. They are the elements of the modern aesthetic paradigm on the basis of which architecture develops, they determine the formation of codes of architectural space. The most important is the aesthetics of wabi-sabi, which has combined two principles. It defines moral qualities as well as their visualization in material culture, particularly in architecture. It underlies the simplicity and incompleteness of forms close to emptiness, proximity to nature, appeal to the inner essence of things that are inconspicuous externally, the value of damages reflecting the course of time and events in the past. Japanese minimalism originates in the aesthetics of wabi-sabi. Taken together, these aesthetic principles form the quintessence of the Japanese worldview, which is notable by contemplation and positioning of nature and man as a unity. Visualization of this aesthetics in architecture has proved to be achievable through the use of natural materials (wood, bamboo, rice paper) and planning of residential space. New trends have been developed in modern Japanese architecture, including minimalism and metabolism. Despite the influence of Western architectural patterns, representatives of the trends managed to preserve architectural identity by forming new architectural styles. This turned out to be feasible due to the flexible balancing between traditions and innovations, and their effective synthesis. The main architectural techniques that are the conductors of tradition in modern architecture are considered: (a) positioning of architecture as a continuation of nature, which is the reason for special shaping; (b) embodiment of traditional aesthetic principles through elements of architectural space – emptiness–gap–shadow; (c) combination of traditional and modern materials. The article presents a semiotic analysis of several architectural objects: the Museum of Modern Art, Hiroshima, architect Kisho Kurokawa; Global Loop, EXPO 2005, Aichi, architect Kiyonori Kikutake; Church of the Light, Ibaraki, architect Tadao Ando; the Water Temple, Awaji, architect Tadao Ando. The analysis demonstrates some spatial codes that reveal the deep iconic and symbolic wholeness of architectural objects, reflecting the amalgamation of traditional and modern consciousness of the Japanese.