Urban impacts of Spain 1982 and Italy 1990 FIFA World Cup: a comparative analysis with more recent sports mega-events

Abstract

ABSTRACT This work identifies the urban impacts of two FIFA World Cups organised before the consolidation of the urban entrepreneurialism model, Spain 1982 and Italy 1990, and compares them with those of more recent sports mega-events. Main differences mostly concern the impacts related to the material transformation of hosting cities, with more recent events mostly affected. At the same time, most of the outcomes related to the urban politics sphere seem not to be much dependent on the type of governance model, whether it is influenced by entrepreneurial urbanism or not.