Almost Universal Forgery Attacks on the COPA and Marble Authenticated Encryption Algorithms

Jiqiang Lu
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引用次数: 6

Abstract

The COPA authenticated encryption mode was proved to have a birthday-bound security on integrity, and its instantiation AES-COPA (v1/2) was claimed or conjectured to have a full security on tag guessing. The Marble (v1.0/1.1/1.2) authenticated encryption algorithm was claimed to have a full security on authenticity. Both AES-COPA (v1) and Marble (v1.0) were submitted to the Competition for Authenticated Encryption: Security, Applicability, and Robustness (CAESAR) in 2014, and Marble was revised twice (v1.1/1.2) in the first round of CAESAR, and AES-COPA (v1) was tweaked (v2) for the second round of CAESAR. In this paper, we cryptanalyse the basic cases of COPA, AES-COPA and Marble, that process messages of a multiple of the block size long; we present collision-based almost universal forgery attacks on the basic cases of COPA, AES-COPA (v1/2) and Marble (v1.0/1.1/1.2), and show that the basic cases of COPA and AES-COPA have roughly at most a birthday-bound security on tag guessing and the basic case of Marble has roughly at most a birthday-bound security on authenticity. The attacks on COPA and AES-COPA do not violate their birthday-bound security proof on integrity, but the attack on AES-COPA violates its full security claim or conjecture on tag guessing. Therefore, the full security claim or conjecture on tag guessing of AES-COPA and the full security claim on authenticity of Marble are incorrectly far overestimated in the sense of a general understanding of full security of these security notions. Designers should pay attention to these attacks when designing authenticated encryption algorithms with similar structures in the future, and should be careful when claiming the security of an advanced form of a security notion without making a corresponding proof after proving the security of the security notion only under its most fundamental form.
对COPA和Marble认证加密算法的几乎通用伪造攻击
证明了COPA身份验证加密模式在完整性上具有生日绑定安全性,并声称或推测其实例AES-COPA (v1/2)在标签猜测上具有完全安全性。据称,经过身份验证的加密算法Marble (v1.0/1.1/1.2)具有完全的真实性安全性。2014年,AES-COPA (v1)和Marble (v1.0)都提交给了Authenticated Encryption: Security, Applicability, and Robustness Competition (CAESAR),在CAESAR的第一轮中,Marble进行了两次修订(v1.1/1.2),在CAESAR的第二轮中,AES-COPA (v1)进行了调整(v2)。在本文中,我们对COPA、AES-COPA和Marble的基本情况进行了密码分析,它们处理的消息长度是块大小的倍数;我们对COPA、AES-COPA (v1/2)和Marble (v1.0/1.1/1.2)的基本情况提出了基于碰撞的几乎通用伪造攻击,并表明COPA和AES-COPA的基本情况在标签猜测方面最多具有粗略的生日绑定安全性,而Marble的基本情况在真实性方面最多具有粗略的生日绑定安全性。对COPA和AES-COPA的攻击没有违反其生日绑定的完整性安全证明,但对AES-COPA的攻击违反了其对标签猜测的完全安全声明或猜想。因此,在对这些安全概念的完全安全的一般理解的意义上,AES-COPA对标签猜测的完全安全声明或猜想,以及对大理石的真实性的完全安全声明都被错误地高估了。设计者在今后设计具有类似结构的经过认证的加密算法时应注意这些攻击,在只证明了安全概念最基本形式下的安全性后,声称安全概念的高级形式的安全性而不做相应的证明时应谨慎。
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