{"title":"WILD BITTER GOURD, MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. (CUCURBITACEAE): A CREEPING WEED OF OIL\n PALM AND ITS MANAGEMENT","authors":"G. F. Chung","doi":"10.56333/tp.2021.021","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews information on the biological aspects and discusses briefly the\n weediness of wild bitter gourd (WBG) including its management, in oil palm plantations.\n WBG is considered a serious weed in oil palm plantations because: i) it can grow into\n blanket sheet in the inter-row areas in immature and mature plantings, ii) it can\n encroach onto immature palms which is difficult to control and increase risks of\n herbicide phytotoxicity during routine circle spraying, and iii) it can grow as\n epiphytes on palm trunks requiring control (both as a weed and also sources of seeds for\n further infestation). The control of WBG in oil palm plantations involves various\n measures which include preventive measures (planting legume covers, maintenance of\n natural covers, mulching) and applied measures (manual and mechanised weeding, chemical\n control). The planting of legume covers and the maintenance of a less competitive\n natural cover of selected indigenous species in oil palm plantations are sound methods\n of weed management including the exclusion of noxious weeds (like WBG). When WBG\n encroaches onto immature palms, manual weeding or decreeping is the only safe method of\n weed control. Post emergent chemical control of M. charantia has been reported by many\n researchers and they make no recommendations for the efficacy or suitability of these\n herbicides against M. charantia in named crops. A WBG herbicide evaluation with six\n herbicide treatments gave effective control after three rounds of spraying. These are:\n (i) paraquat + metsulfuron methyl at 2.8 L + 75 g per hectare, (ii) glyphosate +\n metsulfuron-methyl at 1.5 L + 75 g per hectare, (iii) glufosinate-ammonium at 3 L per\n hectare, (iv) fluroxypyr at 2 L per hectare, (v) dicamba at 1.5 L per hectare and (vi)\n triclopyr at 1.5 L per hectare. In any spraying programme to eradicate thick sheet\n growth of WBG in inter-row areas, three rounds of spraying were required to achieve\n complete eradication by killing off the original weed stand and killing off any\n regeneration/new seedlings from germination of seeds. However, the risks of crop\n phytotoxicity limits the choice of herbicide to only spraying of paraquat +\n metsulfuron-methyl at 2.8 L + 75 g per hectare and glufosinate-ammonium 3 L per hectare\n for the control of WBG and other weeds around the periphery of the immature palm during\n circle spraying. More important, careful spraying by trained operators to minimise lower\n frond contact is required. Paraquat is not available now and may be replaced with sodium\n chlorate (sodium chlorate + metsulfuron-methyl at 5.5 kg + 75 g per ha). Another\n approach can be the sequential spraying of the herbicide mixtures: two rounds of\n spraying glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl and the third spraying with only a single\n selective broadleaf herbicide (fluroxypyr, or dicamba, or triclopyr) to kill any WBG\n regeneration in order to allow the growing of soft grasses as natural covers. Keywords:\n Momordica charantia, wild bitter gourd, weed, oil palm plantations, management","PeriodicalId":22956,"journal":{"name":"The Planter","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The Planter","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.56333/tp.2021.021","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This paper reviews information on the biological aspects and discusses briefly the
weediness of wild bitter gourd (WBG) including its management, in oil palm plantations.
WBG is considered a serious weed in oil palm plantations because: i) it can grow into
blanket sheet in the inter-row areas in immature and mature plantings, ii) it can
encroach onto immature palms which is difficult to control and increase risks of
herbicide phytotoxicity during routine circle spraying, and iii) it can grow as
epiphytes on palm trunks requiring control (both as a weed and also sources of seeds for
further infestation). The control of WBG in oil palm plantations involves various
measures which include preventive measures (planting legume covers, maintenance of
natural covers, mulching) and applied measures (manual and mechanised weeding, chemical
control). The planting of legume covers and the maintenance of a less competitive
natural cover of selected indigenous species in oil palm plantations are sound methods
of weed management including the exclusion of noxious weeds (like WBG). When WBG
encroaches onto immature palms, manual weeding or decreeping is the only safe method of
weed control. Post emergent chemical control of M. charantia has been reported by many
researchers and they make no recommendations for the efficacy or suitability of these
herbicides against M. charantia in named crops. A WBG herbicide evaluation with six
herbicide treatments gave effective control after three rounds of spraying. These are:
(i) paraquat + metsulfuron methyl at 2.8 L + 75 g per hectare, (ii) glyphosate +
metsulfuron-methyl at 1.5 L + 75 g per hectare, (iii) glufosinate-ammonium at 3 L per
hectare, (iv) fluroxypyr at 2 L per hectare, (v) dicamba at 1.5 L per hectare and (vi)
triclopyr at 1.5 L per hectare. In any spraying programme to eradicate thick sheet
growth of WBG in inter-row areas, three rounds of spraying were required to achieve
complete eradication by killing off the original weed stand and killing off any
regeneration/new seedlings from germination of seeds. However, the risks of crop
phytotoxicity limits the choice of herbicide to only spraying of paraquat +
metsulfuron-methyl at 2.8 L + 75 g per hectare and glufosinate-ammonium 3 L per hectare
for the control of WBG and other weeds around the periphery of the immature palm during
circle spraying. More important, careful spraying by trained operators to minimise lower
frond contact is required. Paraquat is not available now and may be replaced with sodium
chlorate (sodium chlorate + metsulfuron-methyl at 5.5 kg + 75 g per ha). Another
approach can be the sequential spraying of the herbicide mixtures: two rounds of
spraying glyphosate + metsulfuron-methyl and the third spraying with only a single
selective broadleaf herbicide (fluroxypyr, or dicamba, or triclopyr) to kill any WBG
regeneration in order to allow the growing of soft grasses as natural covers. Keywords:
Momordica charantia, wild bitter gourd, weed, oil palm plantations, management
本文综述了野生苦瓜在生物学方面的研究进展,并简要讨论了野生苦瓜在油棕种植园中的杂草性及其管理。WBG被认为是油棕种植园中的一种严重杂草,因为:i)它可以在未成熟和成熟种植的行间区域生长成毯状,ii)它可以侵入难以控制的未成熟棕榈树,并在常规循环喷洒时增加除草剂植物毒性的风险,iii)它可以作为附生植物生长在需要控制的棕榈树干上(既是杂草也是进一步侵染的种子来源)。油棕种植园WBG的控制涉及各种措施,包括预防措施(种植豆科植物覆盖物,维护自然覆盖物,覆盖)和应用措施(人工和机械除草,化学控制)。在油棕种植园种植豆科植物覆盖物和维持选定的本地物种的竞争力较低的自然覆盖物是杂草管理的良好方法,包括排除有害杂草(如WBG)。当WBG侵入未成熟的棕榈树时,人工除草或除草是唯一安全的杂草控制方法。许多研究人员已经报道了对白僵菌的紧急化学防治,但他们没有对这些除草剂在指定作物中对白僵菌的有效性或适用性提出建议。经3轮喷施后,6种除草剂处理对WBG除草剂的效果进行了评价。它们是:(i)百草枯+甲磺隆,每公顷2.8升+ 75克,(ii)草甘膦+甲磺隆,每公顷1.5升+ 75克,(iii)草铵,每公顷3升,(iv)氟虫腈,每公顷2升,(v)麦草畏,每公顷1.5升,(vi)三氯吡虫灵,每公顷1.5升。在任何根除行间地区WBG厚片生长的喷洒计划中,需要三轮喷洒才能通过杀死原始杂草林和杀死种子萌发的任何再生/新幼苗来实现完全根除。然而,作物植物毒性的风险限制了除草剂的选择,在循环喷洒时,仅施用2.8 L + 75 g /公顷的百草枯+甲磺隆-甲基和3 L /公顷的草铵膦,以控制未成熟棕榈周围的WBG和其他杂草。更重要的是,需要训练有素的操作人员仔细喷涂,以尽量减少下正面接触。目前没有百草枯,可用氯酸钠(氯酸钠+甲磺隆-甲基,5.5公斤+每公顷75克)代替。另一种方法可以是连续喷洒混合除草剂:两轮喷洒草甘膦+甲磺隆-甲基,第三轮只喷洒一种选择性阔叶除草剂(氟虫腈、麦草畏或三氯吡虫啉),以杀死任何WBG再生,从而使软草作为自然覆盖物生长。关键词:苦瓜,野生苦瓜,杂草,油棕种植园,管理