The pharmaceutical disposal practices and environmental contamination: A review in East African countries

Abstract

The aim of this review was to analyze the available information on methods used in disposing of unused or expired pharmaceuticals in East African countries and the possibility of environmental contamination. There are some concerns about how pharmaceutical wastes are disposed of and, because of their risks, it is a critical matter to examine. Improper pharmaceutical disposal is common in many countries, from home to hospitals. The review shows that, despite the presence of regulations and rules in developed and developing countries, this practice is still growing. Apart from the ecological effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment, antibiotic resistance is more likely where germs such as bacteria and fungi develop resistance to the drugs designed to kill them. One of significant source of pharmaceuticals into the environment is improper disposal. This review shows that improper pharmaceutical handling and disposal is a challenge in all East African countries. This poses a risk of environmental contamination, human health and developing antibiotic resistance. There is a need for more awareness enhancing, policy review and enforcement of laws to protect both human and environmental health.