A counterexample in congestion control of wireless networks

V. Raghunathan, P. Kumar
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引用次数: 43

Abstract

One of the triumphs of wireline network research of the last decade has been the casting of the Internet congestion control problem within an optimization framework based on utility functions. Such an approach provides a sound understanding of the underlying stability and fairness issues, as well as a post-facto justification of TCP-like additive-increase multiplicative-decrease (AIMD) algorithms. This paper provides a counter-example showing that the same result cannot be extended to wireless networks, at least not in a straightforward manner.The fundamental difference is that wireless networks are of a broadcast nature. There is no strict notion of a "link," since transmissions from nearby nodes interfere with each other. Using a simple model of interference in wireless networks, a counter-example of a wireless network is presented in which the congestion control mechanism has an unstable equilibrium point at the desired fair solution. Further, ns-2 simulations of this counter-example manifest an oscillatory behavior. Surprisingly, this oscillatory behavior appears to be fairly typical in wireless networks, with most randomly chosen network examples manifesting it. This loss of stability suggests a possible need for the re-design of wireless TCP and wireless queue management to explicitly account for the wireless nature of the effects of interference. wireless interference can make this mechanism unstable. We present counter-example wireless graphs and flow patterns in which the congestion control mechanism fails to remain stable. ns-2 simulations indicate that this loss of stability manifests in practice as oscillatory behavior. Moreover, this oscillatory behavior is fairly typical in wireless networks. This loss of stability suggests a need for the re-design of wireless TCP and wireless queue management to explicitly account for the effects of interference.
无线网络拥塞控制中的一个反例
在过去十年中,有线网络研究的成功之一是将互联网拥塞控制问题置于基于效用函数的优化框架中。这种方法提供了对潜在稳定性和公平性问题的合理理解,以及对类似tcp的加-增-乘-减(AIMD)算法的事后证明。本文提供了一个反例,表明同样的结果不能扩展到无线网络,至少不是以直接的方式。两者的根本区别在于无线网络具有广播性质。没有严格的“链路”概念,因为来自附近节点的传输会相互干扰。利用一个简单的无线网络干扰模型,给出了一个无线网络的反例,其中拥塞控制机制在期望的公平解处具有不稳定的平衡点。此外,该反例的ns-2模拟显示出振荡行为。令人惊讶的是,这种振荡行为在无线网络中似乎是相当典型的,大多数随机选择的网络例子都表现出了这一点。这种稳定性的丧失表明可能需要重新设计无线TCP和无线队列管理,以明确地考虑干扰影响的无线性质。无线干扰会使这种机制不稳定。我们提出了反例无线图和流模式,其中拥塞控制机制未能保持稳定。Ns-2模拟表明,这种稳定性的丧失在实践中表现为振荡行为。此外,这种振荡行为在无线网络中相当典型。这种稳定性的损失表明需要重新设计无线TCP和无线队列管理,以明确地考虑干扰的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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