Treatment of mentally disturbed persons in medieval Serbia

Mirjana Stojković-Ivković
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Abstract

The treatment of mental health patients in Serbia in the Middle ages was the same as in other European countries. Medicine of that time was based on science, the use of magic rituals and witchcraft was banned. Doctors from Serbia, Byzantium and the national doctors had been educated in Salerno and Montpellier, the most developed centers of medicine. They took the exam in front of the government Medical testimony. The development of medicine was followed in the Hodoloski code which was considered the oldest record of folk medicine and the Hilandar medical code which represented a collection of medieval scientific European medicine and Serbian medicine culture (XII-XV). The first Serbian hospital was established in Hilandar in 1199. The founder was Saint Sava who wrote the rules about the work of the hospital. Actually, it was the practice for all medical facilities that were opened later. We know about mental diseases and healing in Serbia from Lives of Saints in monasteries Zica (from 1207) and Decani (1327) and from the biography of Medieval ruler (king) Stephen of Decani. The illustrations of healing some patients with mental diseases were shown on frescoes and in the lives of saints. In Medieval Serbia, there were 49 foreign doctors working (15 in XIV, 30 in XV and 4 in XVI century) and until Turkish conquest Serbia took a very important place in Medieval Europe. Objective of this paper is to show where psychiatric patients were treated in Medieval Serbia, the way they were treated, who treated them, where the hospitals were and what kind of treatment wereapplied.
中世纪塞尔维亚对精神病患者的治疗
在中世纪,塞尔维亚对精神疾病患者的治疗与其他欧洲国家相同。当时的医学是以科学为基础的,使用魔法仪式和巫术是被禁止的。来自塞尔维亚、拜占庭和国家医生的医生在最发达的医学中心萨莱诺和蒙彼利埃接受教育。他们在政府面前做了体检证明。医学的发展紧随其后的是被认为是民间医学最古老记录的《霍多洛斯基法典》和代表中世纪科学欧洲医学和塞尔维亚医学文化的《希兰达尔法典》(第十二至第十五章)。1999年在希兰达尔建立了第一所塞尔维亚医院。医院的创始人是圣萨瓦,他制定了医院的工作规则。事实上,所有后来开业的医疗机构都是这么做的。我们从《齐卡修道院的圣徒生活》(1207年)和《德卡尼修道院的圣徒生活》(1327年)以及中世纪统治者(国王)德卡尼的斯蒂芬传记中了解到塞尔维亚的精神疾病和治疗。在壁画和圣徒的生活中,出现了一些治疗精神病患者的插图。在中世纪的塞尔维亚,有49名外国医生在工作(14世纪15名,15世纪30名,16世纪4名),直到土耳其征服塞尔维亚,塞尔维亚在中世纪欧洲占据了非常重要的地位。本文的目的是展示在中世纪的塞尔维亚,精神病患者在哪里接受治疗,他们接受治疗的方式,谁治疗他们,医院在哪里,采用了什么样的治疗。
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