An effective universality theorem for the Riemann zeta function

Abstract

Let 0 0, once T is large enough. This was refined by Bagchi who showed that the measure of such t∈[0,T] is (c(e)+o(1))T, for all but at most countably many e>0. Using a completely different approach, we obtain the first effective version of Voronin's Theorem, by showing that in the rate of convergence one can save a small power of the logarithm of T. Our method is flexible, and can be generalized to other L-functions in the t-aspect, as well as to families of L-functions in the conductor aspect.