Neuroethics: history and relevance

Shashivadhanan Sundaravadhanan
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Abstract

The brain holds a special status as the core of our selfhood and autonomy. Manipulating the function of the brain is fundamentally different from manipulating the function of other organs like the heart or the kidney and raises several distinct ethical issues. Progress in neuroscience is rapidly increasing about neural correlates of the mind. New ethical issues are arising as neuroscience gives us unprecedented ways to understand the human mind and to predict, influence and even control it. Neuroethics encompasses two broad areas. One is fundamental neuroethics also called the neurosciences of ethics and the other is applied neuroethics, which is called the ethics of neurosciences. Analysis of the current body of literature reveals that brain research is presently focusing on neuroimaging, neuropharmacology, neurogenetics and neurotechnology. All these novel technologies are dual-use, making them very prone to abuse. Neuroethics is the term coined to tackle problems resulting from brain research, whether fundamental or applied. The progress in neurosciences continues in such a breakneck speed that it calls for an urgent requirement to embrace this field which is very essential to channelize brain research. Duty of neuroethics is not only to protect the society from neurosciences abuse but also guard the neuroscientists from society's criticism. World over there has been a technological explosion making it difficult for the physician to keep pace with evolving trends in neurosciences. This paper attempts to trace the birth and evolution of neuroethics. An attempt has been made to classify the areas which it encompasses, define its current status and predict its future relevance.
神经伦理学:历史和相关性
大脑作为我们自我和自主的核心,有着特殊的地位。操纵大脑的功能与操纵心脏或肾脏等其他器官的功能有着根本的不同,并引发了几个明显的伦理问题。在神经科学方面,关于心智的神经关联的研究进展迅速。随着神经科学为我们提供了前所未有的方法来理解人类的思维,并预测、影响甚至控制它,新的伦理问题也随之出现。神经伦理学包括两大领域。一个是基础神经伦理学,也被称为伦理学的神经科学,另一个是应用神经伦理学,被称为神经科学的伦理学。对现有文献的分析表明,目前脑研究主要集中在神经影像学、神经药理学、神经遗传学和神经技术方面。所有这些新技术都是双重用途的,这使得它们很容易被滥用。神经伦理学是为了解决大脑研究中产生的问题而创造的术语,无论是基础的还是应用的。神经科学继续以如此惊人的速度发展,以至于迫切需要拥抱这一对大脑研究渠道化至关重要的领域。神经伦理学的责任不仅在于保护社会不受神经科学的滥用,而且在于保护神经科学家不受社会的批评。在世界范围内,技术的爆炸式发展使得医生很难跟上神经科学的发展趋势。本文试图追溯神经伦理学的诞生与演变。已试图对其所包括的领域进行分类,确定其现状并预测其未来的相关性。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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