{"title":"High enteric bacterial contamination of drinking water in Jigjiga city, Eastern Ethiopia","authors":"Henok Sileshi Asfaw, M. Reta, F. Yimer","doi":"10.4314/EJHD.V30I3","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Background: The high prevalence of diarrheal disease among children and infants can be traced due to the use of unsafe water and unhygienic practices. The overall concept adopted for microbiological quality is that no water intended for human consumption shall contain Escherichia coli per 100 ml sample. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess household water handling and hygienic practices and to determine bacteriological quality of drinking water from different sources in Jigjiga city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in Jigjiga city from May-August, 2013. Both simple random and convenient sampling techniques were applied to select 238 households to assess water handling and hygienic practices, and 125 water samples to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water respectively. The water samples were collected from household water container, pipeline, water reservoir, ‘ Beyollie ’, and main sources. Easily isolated bacteria called coliforms were used as indicator organisms of human and other animals’ fecal contamination status of drinking water. Data were summarized using descriptive and analytical statistics. Chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression tests were used and p<0.05 was considered as cut off value for statistical significance. Results: Overall, 71.2%(n=89) of water samples were contaminated by one or more bacterial species of E.coli , Shigella Sp, Salmonella Sp, and Vibrio sp. Particularly, 65(52%), 10(8%), 9(7.2%), and 8(6.4%) were contaminated by E.coli , Shigella sp, Salmonella sp, and Vibrio sp, respectively. On the other hand, 20% of the households and pipeline water samples had a fecal coliform count of 150 and above. Placement of water drinking utensils had a statistically significant association with illiterate education (p=0.01, AOR=5.47, 95% CI: (1.31, 22.78)) and male household head (p=0.02, AOR=2.11, 95% CI: (1.10, 4.05)). Conclusions: The majorities of drinking water sources were highly contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae . Regular bacteriological water quality control mechanisms need to be in place to ensure bacteriological safety of drinking water. [ Ethiop. J. Health Dev . 2016;30(3):118-128] Keywords: Contamination, drinking water, households, enteric bacteria, Jigjiga","PeriodicalId":11852,"journal":{"name":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5000,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4314/EJHD.V30I3","citationCount":"7","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4314/EJHD.V30I3","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 7
Abstract
Background: The high prevalence of diarrheal disease among children and infants can be traced due to the use of unsafe water and unhygienic practices. The overall concept adopted for microbiological quality is that no water intended for human consumption shall contain Escherichia coli per 100 ml sample. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess household water handling and hygienic practices and to determine bacteriological quality of drinking water from different sources in Jigjiga city. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water in Jigjiga city from May-August, 2013. Both simple random and convenient sampling techniques were applied to select 238 households to assess water handling and hygienic practices, and 125 water samples to assess bacteriological quality of drinking water respectively. The water samples were collected from household water container, pipeline, water reservoir, ‘ Beyollie ’, and main sources. Easily isolated bacteria called coliforms were used as indicator organisms of human and other animals’ fecal contamination status of drinking water. Data were summarized using descriptive and analytical statistics. Chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression tests were used and p<0.05 was considered as cut off value for statistical significance. Results: Overall, 71.2%(n=89) of water samples were contaminated by one or more bacterial species of E.coli , Shigella Sp, Salmonella Sp, and Vibrio sp. Particularly, 65(52%), 10(8%), 9(7.2%), and 8(6.4%) were contaminated by E.coli , Shigella sp, Salmonella sp, and Vibrio sp, respectively. On the other hand, 20% of the households and pipeline water samples had a fecal coliform count of 150 and above. Placement of water drinking utensils had a statistically significant association with illiterate education (p=0.01, AOR=5.47, 95% CI: (1.31, 22.78)) and male household head (p=0.02, AOR=2.11, 95% CI: (1.10, 4.05)). Conclusions: The majorities of drinking water sources were highly contaminated by Enterobacteriaceae . Regular bacteriological water quality control mechanisms need to be in place to ensure bacteriological safety of drinking water. [ Ethiop. J. Health Dev . 2016;30(3):118-128] Keywords: Contamination, drinking water, households, enteric bacteria, Jigjiga
期刊介绍:
The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development is a multi and interdisciplinary platform that provides space for public health experts in academics, policy and programs to share empirical evidence to contribute to health development agenda.
We publish original research articles, reviews, brief communications and commentaries on public health issues, to inform current research, policy and practice in all areas of common interest to the scholars in the field of public health, social sciences and humanities, health practitioners and policy makers. The journal publishes material relevant to any aspect of public health from a wide range of fields: epidemiology, environmental health, health economics, reproductive health, behavioral sciences, nutrition, psychiatry, social pharmacy, medical anthropology, medical sociology, clinical psychology and wide arrays of social sciences and humanities.
The journal publishes the following types of contribution:
1) Peer-reviewed original research articles and critical or analytical reviews in any area of social public health. These papers may be up to 3,500 words excluding abstract, tables, and references. Papers below this limit are preferred.
2) Peer-reviewed short reports of research findings on topical issues or published articles of between 2000 and 4000 words.
3) Brief communications, and commentaries debating on particular areas of focus, and published alongside, selected articles.
4) Special Issues bringing together collections of papers on a particular theme, and usually guest edited.
5) Editorial that flags critical issues of public health debate for policy, program and scientific consumption or further debate