A networks approach to understanding the role of the market and the state in housing: the cases of Nairobi, Kenya and Johannesburg, South Africa

A. Omenya
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Abstract

This paper presents an outline case for use of ‘housing networks concept’ to unpack housing problems in the context of Johannesburg, South Africa and Nairobi, Kenya. It begins by defining housing networks and outlining areas of knowledge where the ‘networks concept’ has been used. The paper then develops a case for application of ‘networks’ in understanding urban housing problems, focusing on the roles of the state, the market and civil society. It explores resource origins, allocation, flows and destination in low-income housing in Nairobi, Kenya and Johannesburg, South Africa. The paper argues that the networks for land delivery make land inaccessible for the low-income in both cities. The means of accessing finance for housing available to the poor tend to be exploitative despite government regulation in the case of Johannesburg. Provision of infrastructure, services and social amenities ignore the collective resources of the low-income. Labour and sweat equity concepts are misplaced in light of cheap labour and unemployment, particularly in Nairobi. Building standards, materials and technology favour the upper- income despite allowance in both cities for lower building standards. Key lessons and conclusions are drawn at the end.
理解市场和国家在住房中的作用的网络方法:以肯尼亚内罗毕和南非约翰内斯堡为例
本文提出了一个使用“住房网络概念”来解析南非约翰内斯堡和肯尼亚内罗毕背景下的住房问题的概要案例。它首先定义了住房网络,并概述了“网络概念”已被使用的知识领域。然后,本文开发了一个应用“网络”来理解城市住房问题的案例,重点关注国家、市场和公民社会的作用。它探讨了肯尼亚内罗毕和南非约翰内斯堡低收入住房的资源来源、分配、流动和目的地。本文认为,这两个城市的土地交付网络使得低收入者无法获得土地。尽管在约翰内斯堡有政府监管,但穷人获得住房融资的手段往往是剥削性的。基础设施、服务和社会便利设施的提供忽视了低收入者的集体资源。鉴于廉价劳动力和失业率,特别是在内罗毕,劳动力和血汗权益的概念是错位的。尽管这两个城市对较低的建筑标准都有补贴,但建筑标准、材料和技术都有利于高收入人群。最后给出了主要的经验教训和结论。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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