It's All a Matter of Time: Interval Timing and Competition for Stimulus Control

Abstract

Many modern humans explicitly experience time through its cultural constructs: We check our watches to determine if we have to leave for a meeting, we give directions based on how many minutes one should walk down a particular street before turning, and we hit snooze on our alarm clocks and dread the 10-min countdown to when we must roll out of bed. However, these daily experiences represent a sliver of how much time affects our lives, and our reliance on language-based social constructs such as “seconds” and “hours” belies an impressive, evolutionarily inbuilt system of timers that constantly govern behavior and cognition. It is not until we observe the breadth and accuracy of timing in nonhuman animal species that we can truly grasp how important these systems are. Interval timing is the timing of stimulus durations of seconds to minutes to hours, and has been of great interest to researchers in a wide variety of behavioral and cognitive neuroscience disciplines (Buhusi & Meck, 2005). Whereas circadian timing is coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus and is concerned with regulating daily (24-hr) patterns such as the sleep cycle and feeding, and millisecond timing is a largely cerebellar process that assists mostly in motor coordination, Interval timing has been widely studied in humans and animals across a variety of different timescales. However, the majority of the literature in this topic has carried the implicit assumption that a mental or neural “clock” receives input and directs output separately from other learning processes. Here we present a review of interval timing as it relates to stimulus control and discuss the role of learning and attention in timing in the context of different experimental procedures. We show that time competes for control over behavior with other processes and suggest that when moving forward with theories of interval timing and general learning mechanisms, the two ought to be integrated.