Exports, Foreign Direct Investment, and Economic Growth for Five European Countries: Granger Causality Tests in Panel Data

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between exports, foreign direct investments (FDI), and economic growth in five Eurozone countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, Italy) using panel data for the period 1970 to 2011. The panel data causality results revealed that there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic development, while there is no causality between economic growth and FDI nor between FDI and exports.