0.6-V 1.65-μW Second-Order Gm-C Bandpass Filter for Multi-Frequency Bioimpedance Analysis Based on a Bootstrapped Bulk-Driven Voltage Buffer

Abstract

A bootstrapping technique used to increase the intrinsic voltage gain of a bulk-driven MOS transistor is described in this paper. The proposed circuit incorporates a capacitor and a cutoff transistor to be connected to the gate terminal of a bulk-driven MOS device, thus achieving a quasi-floating-gate structure. As a result, the contribution of the gate transconductance is cancelled out and the voltage gain of the device is correspondingly increased. The technique allows for implementing a voltage follower with a voltage gain much closer to unity as compared to the conventional bulk-driven case. This voltage buffer, along with a pseudo-resistor, is used to design a linearized transconductor. The proposed transconductance cell includes an economic continuous tuning mechanism that permits programming the effective transconductance in a range sufficiently wide to counteract the typical variations that process parameters suffer during fabrication. The transconductor has been used to implement a second-order Gm-C bandpass filter with a relatively high selectivity factor, suited for multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in a very low-voltage environment. All the circuits have been designed in 180 nm CMOS technology to operate with a 0.6-V single-supply voltage. Simulated results show that the proposed technique allows for increasing the linearity and reducing the input-referred noise of the bootstrapped bulk-driven MOS transistor, which results in an improvement of the overall performance of the transconductor. The center frequency of the bandpass filter designed can be programmed in the frequency range from 6.5 kHz to 37.5 kHz with a power consumption ranging between 1.34 μW and 2.19 μW. The circuit presents an in-band integrated noise of 190.5 μVrms and is able to process signals of 110 mVpp with a THD below −40 dB, thus leading to a dynamic range of 47.4 dB.