T. Grant
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{"title":"Frozen Conflicts and International Law","authors":"T. Grant","doi":"10.31228/osf.io/8jucd","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Scholars (mostly in international relations and politics) and policymakers (in various countries) have referred to a series of conflicts in the space of the former USSR as “frozen conflicts.” Because some now speak of new “frozen conflicts” emerging, it is timely to ask what— if any— legal meaning this expression contains. Moreover, how we characterize these conflicts affects legal and other procedures the parties and others might apply to resolve them. Beyond the open questions of semantics and taxonomy, the so-called “frozen conflicts” merit attention because of their salience to the dispute settlement machinery that they so largely have frustrated. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 I. “Frozen Conflict”: Etymology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 A. State Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 B. International Organization Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 C. The Expression “Frozen Conflict” in Dispute Settlement Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 D. International Law Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 E. International Relations Writers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 II. Defining “Frozen Conflict” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 A. Four Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 1. Transnistria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 2. Nagorno-Karabakh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 3. South Ossetia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 4. Abkhazia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 B. Seven Characteristics of the Frozen Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . 390 1. Hostilities Between a State and Separatists . . . . . . . . . . . 391 2. Changes in Effective Control of Territory as a Result of Hostilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 3. Lines of Separation with Effective Stability . . . . . . . . . . . 391 4. Lines of Separation with (Qualified) Juridical Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 5. Self-Determination Claims Associated with the Establishment of a Putative State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 6. Non-Recognition of the Putative State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 7. Settlement Process (Sporadic and Inconclusive) . . . . . . . 396 C. Legal Problems Associated with “Frozen Conflicts” . . . . . 397","PeriodicalId":45714,"journal":{"name":"CORNELL INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2000,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"12","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"CORNELL INTERNATIONAL LAW JOURNAL","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.31228/osf.io/8jucd","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
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冻结冲突与国际法
学者(主要从事国际关系和政治)和政策制定者(各国)将前苏联时期的一系列冲突称为“冻结的冲突”。因为有些人现在谈到新的“冻结冲突”正在出现,所以现在应该问这个表达包含什么(如果有的话)法律含义。此外,我们如何描述这些冲突影响到当事方和其他人可能适用于解决这些冲突的法律程序和其他程序。除了语义和分类学的公开问题之外,所谓的“冻结冲突”值得关注,因为它们对争端解决机制的重要性,而它们在很大程度上让争端解决机制感到沮丧。介绍362 I.“冻结的冲突”:词源学。363 A.国家惯例。364 B.国际组织惯例。366 C.争议解决程序中的“冻结冲突”一词。368 D.国际法作家。369 E.国际关系作家。373 II。定义“冻结冲突”。376 A.四个冲突。3771。德涅斯特河左岸。377 2。纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫。380 3。南奥塞梯。3834。阿布哈兹。386 B.冻结冲突的七个特点。3901。国家与分离主义者之间的敌对行动。391 2。敌对行动导致领土有效控制的变化。3913。具有有效稳定性的分离线。3914。具有(合格)法律稳定性的分离线。3935。与建立推定国家有关的自决主张。394 6。不承认推定国。3957。结算过程(零星且不明确)。396 C.与“冻结的冲突”有关的法律问题。397
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