Baghdad, Tokyo, Kabul,...: Constitution Making in Occupied States

Zachary Elkins, Tom Ginsburg, J. Melton
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引用次数: 25

Abstract

We identify and document instances of "occupation constitutions," those drafted under conditions of foreign military occupation. Not every occupation produces a constitution, and it appears that certain occupying powers have a greater propensity to encourage or force a constitution-writing process. We anticipate ex ante that occupation constitutions should be less enduring, and provide some supportive evidence to this effect. Some occupation constitutions do endure, however, and we conduct a case study of the Japanese Constitution of 1946. We argue that it had a self-enforcing quality that has allowed it to endure un-amended for over six decades. Unlike conventional understandings of that document as an American imposition that imposed foreign values, we argue that Japanese participation in the adoption process, and familiarity with some of the rights provisions that had already appeared in the Meiji Constitution, helped make the document self-enforcing. Most important of all, however, was that it embodied a political bargain that fit the basic cleavages in Japanese society.
巴格达、东京、喀布尔……:占领区的宪法制定
我们查明并记录“占领宪法”的实例,即在外国军事占领条件下起草的宪法。并不是每一次占领都会产生一部宪法,而且某些占领国似乎更倾向于鼓励或强制制定宪法。我们事先预计,占领宪法应该不那么持久,并为此提供一些支持性证据。然而,一些占领宪法确实存在,我们对1946年的日本宪法进行了案例研究。我们认为,它具有一种自我执行的性质,使它能够在六十多年的时间里不加修改。与将该文件视为美国强加外国价值观的传统理解不同,我们认为,日本参与了采纳过程,并熟悉明治宪法中已经出现的一些权利条款,有助于使该文件具有自我执行力。然而,最重要的是,它体现了一种符合日本社会基本分裂的政治交易。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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