Relación entre el maltrato infantil y las habilidades de regulación emocional en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

Abstract

espanolLas habilidades de regulacion emocional constituyen un factor transdiagnostico de psicopatologias y pueden verse especialmente afectadas en individuos con historia de maltrato, y la adolescencia es una etapa critica para su desarrollo y prevencion. Sin embargo, la heterogeneidad conceptual y metodologica en la evaluacion de las habilidades de regulacion emocional y las formas de maltrato dificultan comprender su relacion. La presente revision analizo la relacion entre el maltrato infantil y las habilidades de regulacion emocional de los adolescentes entre 12 y 18 anos a traves de los estudios que la exploraron, incidiendo en la relacion diferencial entre las distintas tipologias de maltrato (maltrato fisico, abuso sexual, maltrato emocional y negligencia) y las habilidades de regulacion emocional (regulacion o disregulacion emocional e inteligencia emocional), asi como en el papel que estas ultimas ejercen sobre las problematicas asociadas al maltrato. Se realizaron busquedas en PsycINFO, MedLine y PsicoDoc. De los 191 estudios encontrados, 28 cumplieron los criterios de inclusion. Se hallaron relaciones significativas y consistentes entre las medidas globales de maltrato y de disregulacion emocional. Sin embargo, cuando se analizan tipos de maltrato o estrategias especificas, los resultados son dispares. Asimismo, las habilidades de regulacion emocional influyen en la aparicion de problematicas asociadas al maltrato, siendo la sintomatologia internalizada y las autolesiones las mas exploradas. La heterogeneidad conceptual y metodologica de los estudios revisados dificulto la extraccion de conclusiones solidas respecto a las tendencias identificadas, por lo que se debe continuar explorando en esta relacion. EnglishRelationship between child maltreatment and emotional regulation skills in adolescents: A systematic review. Emotion regulation skills are a robust transdiagnostic factor of psychopathologies and can be especially affected in individuals with a history of maltreatment, and adolescence is a critical period for their development and prevention. However, conceptual and methodological heterogeneity in evaluating emotion regulation skills and different forms of maltreatment make it difficult to understand their relationship. This review delved into the relationship between childhood maltreatment and the emotional skills of adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age through the studies that examining it, focusing on unique relationships between the different types of maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect) and emotion regulation skills (emotion regulation or dysregulation and emotional intelligence), as well as the role of the latter on maltreatment-related outcomes. Searches were carried out in the PsycINFO, MedLine and PsicoDoc databases. Of the 191 studies found, 28 met the inclusion criteria. The studies reviewed revealed significant and consistent relationships between global measures of child maltreatment and emotion dysregulation in adolescents. However, when specific types of maltreatment or strategies were analyzed, results are disparate. Moreover, emotion regulation skills influence the appearance of problems associated with maltreatment, with internalized symptoms and self-harm being the most explored. The conceptual and methodological heterogeneity of the studies reviewed made it difficult to draw robust conclusions regarding the trends identified, hence the need to continue to explore this relationship