The use of pre-trained deep learning models for the photographic assessment of donor livers for transplantation

Abstract

Aim: Hepatic steatosis is a recognised major risk factor for primary graft failure in liver transplantation. In general, the global fat burden is measured by the surgeon using a visual assessment. However, this can be augmented by a histological assessment, although there is often inter-observer variation in this regard as well. In many situations the assessment of the liver relies heavily on the experience of the observer and more experienced surgeons will accept organs that more junior surgeons feel are unsuitable for transplantation. Often surgeons will err on the side of caution and not accept a liver for fear of exposing recipients to excessive risk of death. Methods: In this study, we present the use of deep learning for the non-invasive evaluation of donor liver organs. Transfer learning, using deep learning models such as the Visual Geometry Group (VGG) Face, VGG16, Residual Neural Network 50 (ResNet50), Dense Convolutional Network 121 (DenseNet121) and MobileNet are utilised for effective pattern extraction from partial and whole liver. Classification algorithms such as Support Vector Machines, k-Nearest Neighbour, Logistic Regression, Decision Tree and Linear Discriminant Analysis are then used for the final classification to identify between acceptable or non-acceptable donor liver organs. Results: The proposed method is distinct in that we make use of image information both from partial and whole liver. We show that common pre-trained deep learning models can be used to quantify the donor liver steatosis with an accuracy of over 92%. Conclusion: Machine learning algorithms offer the tantalising prospect of standardising the assessment and the possibility of using more donor organs for transplantation.