Political Science of Modern Kazakhstan – Notices to Development of Kazakhstan Political Thinking

Abstract

The picture of political process as a form of a specific kind of market relations belongs to one of the theoretical issues defined by J. Schumpeter in 1942 in his work “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy”. Thus, politics is a part of economy, where similarly to the market rules – the competition principles are being used. This was clearly defined also by A. Downs: „...finally, the market exchange is being realised by exchange of the specific policy for votes...“ (Downs, 1957, p. 27-28) Political science and political thinking have deep historical roots in modern Kazakhstan. Within the half of the last millennium, their sources were the works of Arabic-language philosophy in particular, based on both antique values and traditional nomadic Kazakhs ́ world view. Its characteristics were the specific concept of a state, state social structure and from the European point of view different relation between man (individual) and society. As the young chairman of the Royal Court of Justice in Bordeaux, Charles de Secondat Monetsquie, wrote: „...since I am in Europe, dear Radi, I saw many forms of government: not like in Asia, where equal policy rules are in force...“ (Montesquieu, 2009, p. 106) Folk traditions have represented, represent and apparently will further represent the specific model of power relations legitimization, which have been formed during the time of the Kazakh khan rise.2 They were characterized by electiveness of sovereigns – khans, acceptance of the political elite coming from Genghis Khan descendants only, dividing the nation and state in three inseparable parts and rather influential position of judicial power.