A Chance for the Climate. Fuel of the 21st Century – Analysis of the Perspective of Climate Neutrality on the Example of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy

Krzysztof Cygańczuk, P. Wolny
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Abstract

Aim: This article attempts to present the issues related to the search for alternatives to energy resources in all sectors of the economy. The direction of the search is to choose “green energy” (in this case hydrogen), which, due to its potential wide application, is already beginning to be treated as an instrument of carbon neutrality. Most EU countries have agreed that they will be carbon-neutral by 2050, which should result in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere by around 95% compared to the beginning of the gas emissions calculation in 1990. However, achieving emission neutrality will require a far-reaching elimination of emissions not only in the power sector, but also in other sectors (including industry, transport and heating). These areas still rely on emission fossil fuels (coal, crude oil and natural gas), which cannot be directly replaced with electricity from RES. Introduction: Hydrogen is not a source of energy, but it is a very effective carrier. Although it is practically not in the free state, it is very often found in the form of chemical compounds such as CH4 (methane) or H2O (water). In order to extract the energy it contains, it must be isolated from the molecules it is composed of. Hydrogen can be transported via gas pipelines (gaseous) or tankers (liquefied). It is currently used in the petrochemical industry, in - cluding for oil refining and chemical industry for the production of fertilizers, ammonia or methanol. Recently, hydrogen has become a topic that is often discussed in the public space in the context of climate protection (and thus decarbonisation of the economy). This fuel is credited with extraordinary potential and applicability in so many areas that it should be widely regarded as oil of the 21st century and a key element of the new energy policy. Moreover, the investment in hydrogen should support sustainable growth and job creation, which will be critical when recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: The article provides an overview of research questions and the most recent results of considerations. It presents a multidimensional and interdisciplinary analysis of the suitability of alternative fuels and the implementation of the related projects. The analysis of the topic was based on, among others, on the project of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy, which is important for the further development of research topics and cooperation in this field. Conclusions: For the energy sector that processes available forms of energy, hydrogen is probably a good choice for the future. It can be an alternative to natural gas in providing backup capacity for renewable energy sources that produce energy dependent on weather conditions (i.e. sun and wind). Hy- drogen, which has the advantage of high energy density, is also a good tool for storing renewable energy and for transmitting and distributing renewable energy over long distances. Due to this, green energy from regions of the world with high insolation and wind energy, such as Australia, Latin America or North Africa, could be transferred over long distances (taking into account losses in energy networks it would be a much more economical solution). It would not require high-cost investments in new infrastructure. The article deals with the aspects relating to all parts of the value chain – production, transmission, storage and use of hydrogen, taking into account the legal conditions at the national (Polish Hydrogen Strategy) and the EU level, and proposing sustainable support systems and measurable goals. Keywords: green hydrogen, synthetic fuel, renewable energy, solar fuel, hydrogen Article type: review article
气候的机会。21世纪的燃料——以波兰氢战略为例分析气候中和的前景
目的:这篇文章试图提出在经济的所有部门寻找替代能源资源的相关问题。搜索的方向是选择“绿色能源”(在这个例子中是氢),由于其潜在的广泛应用,它已经开始被视为碳中和的工具。大多数欧盟国家已经同意到2050年实现碳中和,这将导致与1990年开始计算气体排放相比,向大气排放的温室气体减少约95%。然而,实现排放中和将要求不仅在电力部门,而且在其他部门(包括工业、运输和供热)广泛消除排放。这些地区仍然依赖于排放化石燃料(煤,原油和天然气),这些燃料不能直接被res的电力所取代。介绍:氢不是能源,但它是一种非常有效的载体。虽然它实际上不是处于游离状态,但它经常以化合物的形式存在,如CH4(甲烷)或H2O(水)。为了提取它所含的能量,必须将它与组成它的分子分离。氢气可以通过天然气管道(气态)或油轮(液化)运输。它目前用于石油化工行业,包括炼油和化工行业用于生产化肥、氨或甲醇。最近,在气候保护(以及经济脱碳)的背景下,氢已成为公共空间中经常讨论的话题。这种燃料被认为具有非凡的潜力和在许多领域的适用性,因此它应该被广泛视为21世纪的石油和新能源政策的关键要素。此外,对氢气的投资应支持可持续增长和创造就业,这对于从COVID-19大流行中恢复至关重要。方法:文章提供了研究问题的概述和考虑的最新结果。它对替代燃料的适用性和相关项目的实施进行了多维度和跨学科的分析。对该主题的分析是基于波兰氢战略项目,该项目对进一步发展该领域的研究主题和合作非常重要。结论:对于处理现有能源形式的能源部门来说,氢可能是未来的一个不错选择。它可以作为天然气的替代品,为根据天气条件(即太阳和风)产生能源的可再生能源提供备用容量。氢具有能量密度高的优点,是可再生能源储存和远距离传输和分配的良好工具。因此,来自世界上高日照和风能地区的绿色能源,如澳大利亚、拉丁美洲或北非,可以远距离转移(考虑到能源网络的损失,这将是一个更经济的解决方案)。它不需要在新的基础设施上进行高成本投资。本文涉及与价值链所有部分相关的方面-氢气的生产,传输,储存和使用,考虑到国家(波兰氢战略)和欧盟层面的法律条件,并提出可持续的支持系统和可衡量的目标。关键词:绿色氢,合成燃料,可再生能源,太阳能燃料,氢
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