Energetics of swimming to shore in the puerulus stage of a spiny lobster: Can a postlarval lobster afford the cost of crossing the continental shelf?

Abstract

Nonfeeding postlarval pueruli of spiny lobsters migrate tens of kilometers across the continental shelf to settle in coastal waters. A model that analyzes hydrodynamic forces during swimming in the puerulus of Jasus edwardsii is described. The model calculates the speed at which forward propulsion balances drag. Calculated speeds agree with observed puerulus behavior. The computed mechanical work is converted to metabolic energy consumption using an assumed efficiency. Values concur with reported estimates of the utilization of lipid energy reserves in pueruli. For biochemical energy reserves reported for pueruli collected 20 km off the east coast of New Zealand, the model suggests that this distance and durations of 5 days active swimming are the approximate limits to endurance. Sustained swimming exceeding 15 cm s^− 1 will likely exhaust energy reserves before an animal can reach the coast, whereas swimming at less than 5–7 cm s^− 1 is inefficient because of the overhead of nonswimming, inactive metabolism. Successful onshore migration of this species is potentially limited by the animals' energy reserves. Reduced energy reserves at the outset due to prior poor feeding, or delays encountered en route due to unfavorable currents, could lead to exceeding the stored reserves of the pueruli, and death. Potentially, relatively small shifts in coastal ocean climate conditions could generate marked changes in recruitment to important spiny lobster fisheries, as has recently been observed in many coastal populations of spiny lobsters.