A comprehensive review of the disclosed approaches for the synthesis of Parvaquone, an anti-protozoan drug

Abstract

In this work, we have systematically reviewed the till date disclosed routes pertaining to the synthesis of Parvaquone. Prior art search gave us around nineteen synthetic routes, involving invention and innovation towards the starting material selection and process path to synthesize Parvaquone. Interestingly, 2-hydroxy naphthalene-1,4-dione has been the predominant raw material used for the synthesis of Parvaquone. Every process was executed to attain higher atom economy, process economy, and better purity of the product. In most of the works, a significant focus was given on choosing cheap and easy-to-obtain raw materials/reagents. In the past six years, we have noticed the disclosure of mainly single and two-step processes with simple and mild reaction conditions for the preparation of Parvaquone. Only a few researchers had given an importance for the recovery and reuse of high-cost raw materials/reagents/solvents along with effluent management. If these aspects were collectively considered during the process development of drug, then the disclosed synthetic routes would become well accomplished for large-scale manufacturing.