What can we learn from biodegradation of natural polymers for regulation?

Abstract

Synthetic polymers are chemicals of emerging concern for the environment, which is mainly attributed to their persistence in environmental compartments. On the other hand, polymers exist in nature as well. They are regarded of no concern for the environment. The present article focusses on the environmental fate of natural polymers and the implications on the persistence assessment for synthetic polymers. Natural polymers vary widely in structure, function, and properties. Crystallinity, wettability and surface area are important influencing factors on the (bio)degradation kinetics. Chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis is the most important process for the degradation of natural polymers, which for particulate material takes place either by bulk or surface erosion. Some natural polymers are degraded rapidly, but in other cases, degradation of natural polymers takes very long until complete mineralization. These differences in biodegradability are a result of evolution as they have to fulfil specific functions in nature which might require a certain persistency. Consequently, many natural polymers would have to be considered persistent or very persistent (P or vP) based on the available studies using the standard assessment approach. At the same time, they are considered no concern to the environment for good reasons. The analysis emphasizes that mineralization alone is not a resilient persistence endpoint for polymers. This needs to be recognized when assessing synthetic polymers, many of which would fulfil the existing P/vP criteria as well. For such synthetic polymers, it would be important to establish meaningful endpoints and polymer specific criteria to enable an adequate persistence assessment using a weight-of-evidence approach.