Perspectives of heavy metal pollution indices for soil, sediment, and water pollution evaluation: An insight

Bhairo Prasad Ahirvar , Pallavi Das , Vaibhav Srivastava , Manish Kumar
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引用次数: 8

Abstract

The paper reviews the widely used heavy metal pollution indices (HPIs) in water, soil, and sediments and presents their numerical equation and application in various fields. HPIs are an essential and efficient tool to measure metal contamination in the environmental system. The present study includes twenty pollution indices from water, soil, and sediments for their comparative study with their ranges. In addition, the regional distribution of publications has been reviewed, and it observed that 68% were published from Asia, followed by other continents. The merits and demerits of each index have been presented, and a comprehensive method for selecting the appropriate pollution index is evaluated in order to better interpret the pollution level in soils and water systems. Among water quality indices HPI, HEI and HI have been used widely due to precise scale, easy to use, less limitations and provide efficient results. Among single indices, EF, Igeo, and CF are widely used and can be used in a simple manner for soil quality assessment, whereas in combined indices PLI and INemerow are found to be useful as it is easy to apply and have precise scale. In integrated indices, Cd and IAvg are found to be useful as it is easy to apply, and there is no limitation for heavy metals. Selection of appropriate geochemical background (GB) must be established, and the nature of fluctuation in GB may give a false result. The ecological risk index (ERI) is a unique index used to represent the ecological risk of metal pollution in water, soil, and sediment systems. A comprehensive approach and guidelines for using metal pollution indices in soil and sediment considering different sectors may be developed for each nation. The widespread application of HPI makes the study more accessible, and a well-defined result can be presented.

重金属污染指标在土壤、沉积物和水污染评价中的应用前景
综述了水、土壤和沉积物中广泛使用的重金属污染指数,并介绍了它们的数值方程及其在各个领域的应用。HPI是测量环境系统中金属污染的重要而有效的工具。本研究包括20个来自水、土壤和沉积物的污染指数,用于与它们的范围进行比较研究。此外,还对出版物的区域分布进行了审查,发现68%的出版物来自亚洲,其次是其他大陆。介绍了各指标的优缺点,并对选择适当污染指数的综合方法进行了评估,以更好地解释土壤和水系的污染水平。在水质指标中,HPI、HEI和HI由于尺度精确、易于使用、局限性小、结果有效而得到广泛应用。在单一指数中,EF、Igeo和CF被广泛使用,并且可以以简单的方式用于土壤质量评估,而在组合指数中,PLI和INemerow被发现是有用的,因为它易于应用并且具有精确的尺度。在综合指数中,Cd和IAvg很有用,因为它很容易应用,而且对重金属没有限制。必须确定适当的地球化学背景(GB)的选择,GB波动的性质可能会给出错误的结果。生态风险指数(ERI)是一个独特的指数,用于表示水、土壤和沉积物系统中金属污染的生态风险。考虑到不同部门,可以为每个国家制定一种使用土壤和沉积物中金属污染指数的综合方法和指南。HPI的广泛应用使该研究更容易获得,并且可以给出明确的结果。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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