The Impact of Missing Data on Heart Rate Variability Features: A Comparative Study of Interpolation Methods for Ambulatory Health Monitoring

Abstract

Objectives

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a valuable indicator of both physiological and psychological states. However, the accuracy of HRV measurements taken by wearable devices can be compromised by errors during transmission and acquisition. These errors can significantly affect HRV features and are not acceptable for precise HRV analysis used for medical diagnosis. This study aims to address this issue by investigating the effectiveness of four different interpolation methods (Nearest Neighbour - NN, Linear, Shape-preserving piecewise cubic Hermite - Pchip, and cubic spline) in tackling missing RR values in real-time HRV analysis.

Materials and Methods

In this study, HRV signals were obtained from Electrocardiograms (ECG) through automatic detection and manually corrected by a specialist, resulting in high-quality signals with no missing or ectopic peaks. To simulate low-quality data acquisition, values were iteratively deleted from each HRV analysis window. The deleted values were then replaced using four different interpolation methods. Time and frequency domain features were computed from both the original and reconstructed signals, and the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) was used to compare these features.

Results

Results showed that as the percentage of missing values increased, some interpolation methods were more suitable for RR time-series with a greater number of missing data. Furthermore, the study suggests that the impact of interpolation on HRV features varied across different features and that SDNN is the least affected by interpolation. In the time domain, nearest neighbour interpolation gives the best results for up to 50% missing data. Beyond this threshold, it seems better not to use any interpolation for RMSSD. In the frequency domain however, the lowest errors of HRV feature estimation are obtained using linear or Pchip interpolation. To achieve maximum performance, it is recommended to adapt the interpolation method to both the percentage of missing values and the targeted HRV feature.

Conclusion

Results highlight the importance of choosing the appropriate interpolation method to accurately estimate HRV features in real-time analysis. Overall, the Pchip interpolation seems to yield the best results on most HRV features as it preserves the linear trend of the data while adding very light waves. The findings can be beneficial in the development of more precise and reliable wearable devices for real-time HRV monitoring.