Cutaneous adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs

Abstract

Antiepileptic drugs (AED) are widely used in therapy. They are mainly indicated in the treatment of epilepsy and some psychiatric pathologies as well as for their analgesic action. Their cutaneous adverse effects (CAE) are common, often mild but sometimes serious. The aim of this work was to study the epidemiological and clinical features of CAE occurring in adults and elderly patients (aged over 20 years-old) and to identify the most implicated AED. We conducted a descriptive retrospective study over a period of five years from January 2017 to December 2022 about CAE of AED in adults and elderly patients notified to The National Center Chalbi Belkahia of Pharmacovigilance (Tunis,Tunisia). All cases were analyzed according to the updates French methods of imputability. We collected 71 cases of patients aged over 20 years old who presented CAE to AED. The age ranged from 20 to 79 years (mean age = 44.8 years). The sex ratio F/M was 0.7. AED were indicated for neurological pathology in 70.5% of cases, for psychiatric pathology in 15.9% of cases and for their analgesic action in 12.9% of cases. Epilepsy was the first indication (51.1% of cases). The most notified CAE in our study were drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS syndrome; 34% of cases), maculopapular exanthema (MPE; 26% of cases), erythematous rash (8% of cases) and photosensitivity in 5% of cases. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions were accounted for 37% of all CAE. The most implicated AED were carbamazepine (52%), phenobarbital (24%) and lamotrigine (18%). However, further study with a larger number of patients and in collaboration with prescribing physicians are needed to better clarify features of CAE associated with AED intake and specify the risk factors, specific to our Tunisian population.