Cover crops as green mulching for weed management in rice

IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q1 AGRONOMY
S. Fogliatto, Lorenzo Patrucco, F. De Palo, Barbara Moretti, M. Milan, F. Vidotto
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

A field study was carried out in 2017 and 2018 in two Italian rice farms (at Livorno Ferraris and Rovasenda) to assess the effect of using cover crops as green mulching on weed control and rice yield. In each site, three different rice fields were sown after rice harvest with either Vicia villosa, Lolium multiflorum, or a mixture of both (V. villosa 40% + L. multiflorum 60%); at Rovasenda a small percentage of Brassica napus and Triticale was also present in the mixture. An additional field at both sites without cover crop was considered as a control reference. Rice was broadcasted sown within the cover crop in May. After few days, the cover crop was terminated in half of each field using a roller-crimper, while in the other half it was terminated by shredding. Within 10 days, the fields were flooded for about a week to promote the degradation of the cover crop biomass. Then, the fields were cultivated in flooding conditions without further weed control. Weed density and weed cover were evaluated thrice during the growing season. At harvest, rice yield and harvest index were determined. Mixed nested ANOVAs were performed for each site to assess the effect of cover crop species, termination technique, and the interaction between cover crop and year. L. multiflorum showed a high biomass before termination, while V. villosa had a more variable development. At Rovasenda, V. villosa growth was limited because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and frost damage. In general, green mulching significantly affected weed density. The best weed suppression was observed with L. multiflorum and mix at Rovasenda, with values of weed density <40 plants m-2 recorded in 2018. At both sites, rice yield was variable in the two years. The highest rice yield (>5 t ha-1) was observed in 2018 in the shredded mixture at Rovasenda and in V. villosa at Livorno Ferraris in 2017. Generally, control fields showed lower yields (1-3 t ha-1) at both sites. The termination methods did not significantly affect both weed density and rice yield. The results highlighted that green mulching could reduce weed infestations, even though alone is not able to completely avoid weed development. Some critical issues of the technique were observed, such as the need of a good cover crop establishment, that eventually results in abundant biomass production and significant weed suppression.   Highlights - Green mulching reduces weed pressure but it should be integrated with other weed control techniques. - Hairy vetch showed poor establishment because of the combination of scarce emergence due to sod-seeding and low temperatures. - Italian ryegrass was more tolerant to low temperatures and showed a good cover that contained weed growth. - Cover crop mixture showed variable results with higher suppression probably related to the number of cover crop species present in the mixture. - The termination methods (crimping and shredding) did not affect weed density and rice yield.
覆盖作物作为水稻杂草管理的绿色覆盖
2017年和2018年,在意大利的两个水稻农场(利沃诺-费拉里斯和罗瓦森达)进行了一项实地研究,以评估使用覆盖作物作为绿色覆盖对杂草控制和水稻产量的影响。在每个地点,在水稻收获后播种三块不同的稻田,用绒毛Vicia villosa、多花Lolium或两者的混合物(绒毛V.40%+L.multiflorum 60%);在Rovasenda,混合物中也存在小百分比的甘蓝型油菜和小黑麦。两个地点的一块没有覆盖作物的额外田地被视为对照参考。水稻于5月在覆盖作物中播种。几天后,用滚筒压接机在每片田地的一半终止覆盖作物,而在另一半则通过切碎终止覆盖作物。在10天内,田地被淹没了大约一周,以促进覆盖作物生物量的退化。然后,在没有进一步杂草控制的情况下,在洪水条件下耕种田地。在生长季节对杂草密度和杂草覆盖进行了三次评估。收获时,测定水稻产量和收获指数。对每个地点进行混合嵌套方差分析,以评估覆盖作物物种、终止技术以及覆盖作物与年份之间的相互作用的影响。多花L.multiflorum在终止前表现出较高的生物量,而绒毛V.villosa的发育更为多变。在Rovasenda,由于草皮播种和霜冻造成的出苗稀少,绒毛V.villosa的生长受到限制。一般来说,绿色覆盖显著影响杂草密度。2018年,在罗瓦森达的切碎混合物和2017年在利沃诺-费拉里斯的绒毛V.villosa中观察到了何首乌对杂草的最佳抑制作用,并在罗瓦森达的混合物中观察到杂草密度值为5 t ha-1)。一般来说,对照田在两个地点都表现出较低的产量(1-3t ha-1)。终止方法对杂草密度和水稻产量都没有显著影响。研究结果强调,绿色覆盖可以减少杂草侵扰,尽管单独覆盖并不能完全避免杂草的生长。观察到了该技术的一些关键问题,例如需要良好的覆盖作物设施,这最终导致了丰富的生物量生产和显著的杂草抑制。亮点-绿色覆盖可以降低杂草压力,但应该与其他杂草控制技术相结合。-毛茸茸的兽医表现出较差的建立,因为草皮播种和低温导致的出苗稀少意大利黑麦草更耐低温,表现出良好的覆盖率,抑制了杂草的生长覆盖作物混合物显示出不同的结果,具有更高的抑制作用,可能与混合物中覆盖作物物种的数量有关终止方法(卷曲和切碎)不影响杂草密度和水稻产量。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.20
自引率
4.50%
发文量
25
审稿时长
10 weeks
期刊介绍: The Italian Journal of Agronomy (IJA) is the official journal of the Italian Society for Agronomy. It publishes quarterly original articles and reviews reporting experimental and theoretical contributions to agronomy and crop science, with main emphasis on original articles from Italy and countries having similar agricultural conditions. The journal deals with all aspects of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, the interactions between cropping systems and sustainable development. Multidisciplinary articles that bridge agronomy with ecology, environmental and social sciences are also welcome.
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