The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Europe

Abstract

control since their inception. The global targeting of anarchists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was critical for developing cross-national, multi-level police enforcement and the diffusion of scientific and pseudo-scientific techniques. While race was certainly relevant to these and other surveillance efforts, they cannot all be reduced to a racist project. Muñiz has drawn a map to a set of hidden circuits. Further research will uncover other pathways in the United States and beyond.