Pilots’ Responses to Unexpected Events: Conceptual, Theoretical, Methodological, and Analytical Issues

IF 1 4区 心理学 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, APPLIED
P. Hancock, J. Cruit, Janeen A. Kochan, A. D. Kaplan, Yazmín Díaz, Shawn A Pruchnicki
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objective We present a proactive perspective with respect to flight crew responses to novel, unexpected, surprising, and/or unanticipated aviation events. We identify ways to mitigate the brittleness of traditionally trained forms of pilot reaction by advocating for, and fostering the use of, concurrent adaptive and resilient response capacities during unexpected events. Background Aircraft operations are highly proceduralized events and specifications of pilots’ tasks as well as procedures of others involved in airspace operations have been major contributors to the overall safety of the National Airspace System. Furthermore, air traffic controllers are responsible for the safe separation of aircraft and also provide expeditious handling to achieve traffic schedules. One challenge that NextGen may pose is the adaptation to and overreliance on automation. Although NextGen systems include capabilities designed to optimize performance, when the flight crew becomes over-reliant on such capabilities, there is a risk they could fail to intervene with appropriate and timely actions in response to unexpected events; this is concerning for safety and efficiency in flight operations as humans are the greatest source of resilience in all complex socio-technical systems. Method To identify the especial importance of resilience, we have generated a synthesis of extant research through which to frame our proposed, proactive strategy. This approach particularly features discussions concerning the potential efficacy of resilience training, as well as encapsulating these proposals within a time-based framework concerning such unexpected events. Results Our synthesis illustrates and explicates the descriptive interrelationship of the identified resilience-related concepts. This step provides the insights which are critical to the foundation of subsequent empirical evaluations of needed training interventions. Conclusion Since the absolute frequency of off-nominal events appears to be increasing, these interventions promise to become progressively more important to operational safety. While the present focus is on flight crew capabilities, our current assessment can equally address a wider systems perspective and extend to operational domains well beyond aviation alone.
飞行员对意外事件的反应:概念、理论、方法和分析问题
摘要目的我们对机组人员对新的、意外的、令人惊讶的和/或意外的航空事件的反应提出了一个积极的观点。我们通过倡导和促进在突发事件中同时使用适应性和弹性反应能力,确定了减轻传统训练形式的试点反应的脆弱性的方法。背景飞机操作是高度程序化的事件,飞行员任务的规范以及参与空域操作的其他人员的程序是国家空域系统整体安全的主要因素。此外,空中交通管制员负责飞机的安全隔离,并提供快速处理以实现交通时间表。NextGen可能带来的一个挑战是对自动化的适应和过度依赖。尽管NextGen系统包括旨在优化性能的功能,但当机组人员过度依赖这些功能时,他们可能无法及时采取适当行动应对意外事件;这关系到飞行操作的安全性和效率,因为人类是所有复杂社会技术系统中恢复力的最大来源。方法为了确定韧性的特殊重要性,我们综合了现有的研究,通过这些研究来制定我们提出的积极主动的战略。这种方法的特点是讨论恢复力训练的潜在功效,并将这些建议封装在关于此类意外事件的基于时间的框架内。结果我们的综合说明并解释了已确定的恢复力相关概念的描述性相互关系。这一步骤提供了对所需培训干预措施的后续实证评估至关重要的见解。结论由于非标称事件的绝对频率似乎在增加,这些干预措施有望对操作安全变得越来越重要。虽然目前的重点是机组人员的能力,但我们目前的评估同样可以从更广泛的系统角度出发,并扩展到远远超出航空领域的操作领域。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
7.70%
发文量
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