Orang-utans Pongo spp in Asian zoos: current status, challenges and progress towards long-term population sustainability

Abstract

Bornean orang-utans Pongo pygmaeus sspp and Sumatran orang-utans Pongo abelii are Critically Endangered species, in rapid decline throughout their ranges in Indonesia and Malaysia. Although substantial populations are well documented in Western zoos, comparatively little is known about those in the East, despite their endemism to the region. Here, the status and distribution of orang-utans in Asian zoological institutions are outlined, accounting for 466 orang-utans at 77 institutions in 13 geographic locations. These comprise c. 41% of the total known global zoo population. Based on their combined experiences in the region, the authors then elucidate the challenges facing Asian zoos in their efforts to manage these species. Rather than focusing on the shortcomings, we instead choose to detail achievements to date. We conclude that a paucity of international attention does not constitute concomitant lack of progress: on the contrary, zoo professionals in Asian zoos have made significant advances in orang-utan care and – in terms of population management – are already on the precipice of world-leading standards that are soon expected to far outpace those of the West. Asian zoos have a significant role to play in orang-utan conservation, and their successes warrant international recognition and support.