Currency Warfare in the Middle East: Currency Counterfeiting in the 1953 Iranian Coup, the 1990–1991 Gulf War, and Yemen’s Current Civil War

Q2 Arts and Humanities

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI:10.1080/21520844.2020.1843319

Ricardo A. Crespo

引用次数: 2

Abstract

ABSTRACT When and why do policymakers engage in currency warfare by counterfeiting their enemy’s currency during Middle Eastern conflicts? Currency warfare, defined as the application of weaponized monetary or military force directed against an enemy’s currency, is a common feature of Middle Eastern conflicts, but its study remains peripheral. This article explores when and why policymakers contemplate or implement currency warfare via counterfeiting by examining: the 1953 American-backed coup in Iran, the 1990–1991 Gulf War, and the Iranian counterfeiting of the Yemeni rial. This study argues that states weaponize counterfeit currency when they perceive a threat to their national security interest and when they have a strategy of subversion.

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中东的货币战争：1953年伊朗政变、1990–1991年海湾战争和也门当前内战中的货币伪造

摘要：在中东冲突中，决策者何时以及为什么通过伪造敌人的货币来进行货币战争？货币战是中东冲突的一个常见特征，被定义为针对敌人货币使用武器化的货币或军事力量，但其研究仍处于次要地位。这篇文章探讨了政策制定者何时以及为什么考虑或通过伪造货币来实施货币战争：1953年美国支持的伊朗政变、1990-1991年海湾战争以及伊朗伪造也门里亚尔。这项研究认为，当国家意识到国家安全利益受到威胁，并且有颠覆战略时，就会将伪造货币武器化。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of the Middle East and Africa Arts and Humanities-History

CiteScore

0.70

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0.00%

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期刊介绍： The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, the flagship publication of the Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa (ASMEA), is the first peer-reviewed academic journal to include both the entire continent of Africa and the Middle East within its purview—exploring the historic social, economic, and political links between these two regions, as well as the modern challenges they face. Interdisciplinary in its nature, The Journal of the Middle East and Africa approaches the regions from the perspectives of Middle Eastern and African studies as well as anthropology, economics, history, international law, political science, religion, security studies, women''s studies, and other disciplines of the social sciences and humanities. It seeks to promote new research to understand better the past and chart more clearly the future of scholarship on the regions. The histories, cultures, and peoples of the Middle East and Africa long have shared important commonalities. The traces of these linkages in current events as well as contemporary scholarly and popular discourse reminds us of how these two geopolitical spaces historically have been—and remain—very much connected to each other and central to world history. Now more than ever, there is an acute need for quality scholarship and a deeper understanding of the Middle East and Africa, both historically and as contemporary realities. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa seeks to provide such understanding and stimulate further intellectual debate about them for the betterment of all.