To the History of Russian Sociology of the 1920–1930s: Soviet Marxism vs “Sociology of Knowledge”

Q3 Social Sciences

Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal Pub Date : 2021-09-28 DOI:10.19181/socjour.2021.27.3.8428

A. Malinkin

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In the 1920’s Marxism, having become the state ideology of Soviet Russia, took a leading position among the political ideologies of Europe in terms of its influence on the minds and hearts of people. The teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels received various interpretations, among which “sociology of knowledge” in the interpretation of M. Scheler and K. Mannheim earned the most recognition in the academic environment. It originated in Germany in the mid 1920’s as a result of criticism of the Marxist “theory of ideology”, of “economist” limitations of the materialistic vision of man, of history and society. In the USSR “sociology of knowledge” was understood to be the most refined attempt to overcome Marxism. The essential characteristics of Marxism and “sociology of knowledge” as interpreted by K. Mannheim are revealed, while being subjected to comparative and critical analysis. The first reaction of Soviet Marxist sociologists to “sociology of knowledge” is analyzed. In the light of this reaction, it was presented as “social fascism”. The specifics of how the teachings of K. Marx and F. Engels existed in the USSR during the 1920s–1930’s are evaluated. “Historical materialism” is qualified as a sociological methodology of suspicion, and the practice of its application by the Bolsheviks as a form of discrimination and persecution in society based on social class and social group affiliation.

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1920—1930年代俄罗斯社会学史：苏联马克思主义与“知识社会学”

在20世纪20年代，马克思主义作为苏俄的国家意识形态，在欧洲的政治意识形态中占有主导地位。马克思和恩格斯的学说得到了各种各样的阐释，其中舍勒和曼海姆阐释的“知识社会学”在学术环境中获得了最多的认可。它起源于20世纪20年代中期的德国，是对马克思主义“意识形态理论”的批评，对“经济学家”对人的唯物主义视野、历史和社会的局限性的批评。在苏联，“知识社会学”被认为是克服马克思主义的最精细的尝试。通过比较分析和批判分析，揭示了曼海姆所阐释的马克思主义与“知识社会学”的本质特征。分析了苏联马克思主义社会学家对“知识社会学”的第一反应。鉴于这种反应，它被称为“社会法西斯主义”。对20世纪20年代至30年代苏联如何存在马克思和恩格斯教义的具体情况进行了评估。“历史唯物主义”被认为是一种怀疑的社会学方法论，布尔什维克将其应用为一种基于社会阶级和社会群体归属的社会歧视和迫害形式。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal Social Sciences-Social Sciences (all)

CiteScore

0.90

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

37 weeks

期刊介绍： “Sotsiologicheskij Zhurnal” publishes the articles on sociological disciplines. Interdisciplinary studies in sociology and related disciplines, such as social psychology, cultural studies, anthropology, ethnography, etc. — are also welcomed. The main emphasis is on the fundamental research in the field of theory, methodology and history of sociology. The regular rubric highlights the results of mass surveys and case studies. The rubric “Discussion”, which debated the controversial issues of sociological research, is regular as well. The journal publishes book reviews, and summaries, as well as lists of new books in Russian and English, which represent the main areas of interdisciplinary research in the social sciences. The journal aims to not only play samples of knowledge, considered regulatory and standards of internal expertise in the professional community, but also aims for opportunities to improve them. These rules, a tough selection and decision to print only a small portion of incoming materials allow “Sotsiologicheskij Zhurnal” contribute to improving the quality of sociological research. Submitted manuscripts should show a high integrity in problem setting, problem analysis and correspond to the journal’s thematic profile and its scientific priorities.