NATO/US false-flag attacks in Europe

IF 0.9 4区经济学 Q3 ECONOMICS

American Journal of Economics and Sociology Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI:10.1111/ajes.12534

David Ray Griffin, Clifford W. Cobb

引用次数: 0

Abstract

False flag operations are acts of deception carried out by government officials to blame other countries or political groups for an attack against the nation with the aim of stirring up a desire for retribution against the supposed perpetrator. Since the effectiveness of a false-flag operation depends on preventing the truth from becoming widely known, it is impossible to know how often such operations have been carried out. Nevertheless, some historical events have been revealed in time, so we can better understand how they operate. The focus here is on false-flag operations in Western Europe and Turkey, carried out as part of the Gladio program during the Cold War under the supervision of the CIA. In each case, the CIA persuaded NATO members to recruit right-wing operatives to engage in terrorist actions and then blame the resulting deaths on left-wing groups, mostly communists. In this way, the United States used deception and terror to prevent communists from gaining power in Europe after World War II.

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北约/美国在欧洲的假旗攻击

假旗行动是政府官员实施的欺骗行为，目的是指责其他国家或政治团体对国家发动袭击，目的是激起对所谓肇事者进行报复的欲望。由于假旗行动的有效性取决于防止真相广为人知，因此不可能知道此类行动的频率。尽管如此，一些历史事件已经被及时揭示，因此我们可以更好地了解它们是如何运作的。这里的重点是在西欧和土耳其的假旗行动，这是冷战期间在中央情报局监督下进行的格拉迪奥计划的一部分。在每一次事件中，中央情报局都说服北约成员招募右翼特工参与恐怖行动，然后将由此造成的死亡归咎于左翼团体，其中大多数是共产主义者。通过这种方式，美国利用欺骗和恐怖手段阻止共产党在二战后在欧洲掌权。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

American Journal of Economics and Sociology Multiple-

CiteScore

1.90

自引率

12.50%

发文量

期刊介绍： The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (AJES) was founded in 1941, with support from the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation, to encourage the development of transdisciplinary solutions to social problems. In the introduction to the first issue, John Dewey observed that “the hostile state of the world and the intellectual division that has been built up in so-called ‘social science,’ are … reflections and expressions of the same fundamental causes.” Dewey commended this journal for its intention to promote “synthesis in the social field.” Dewey wrote those words almost six decades after the social science associations split off from the American Historical Association in pursuit of value-free knowledge derived from specialized disciplines. Since he wrote them, academic or disciplinary specialization has become even more pronounced. Multi-disciplinary work is superficially extolled in major universities, but practices and incentives still favor highly specialized work. The result is that academia has become a bastion of analytic excellence, breaking phenomena into components for intensive investigation, but it contributes little synthetic or holistic understanding that can aid society in finding solutions to contemporary problems. Analytic work remains important, but in response to the current lop-sided emphasis on specialization, the board of AJES has decided to return to its roots by emphasizing a more integrated and practical approach to knowledge.