UNESCO-UNDP tourism and security in Cold War Turkey and Iran

IF 3 Q2 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM

Journal of Heritage Tourism Pub Date : 2022-07-26 DOI:10.1080/1743873X.2022.2096457

C. Luke, Madison Leeson

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Abstract

ABSTRACT In the mid 1960s, UNESCO took on tourism development initiatives in both Turkey and Iran that were financed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The projects focused on restoration of historic zones to improve capacity for rural tourism, including concerts and festivals. These were Cold War efforts intended to sway hearts and minds in the countryside that built on earlier industrialization and concurrent militarization schemes. In Turkey, one modest 1965 initiative at Side paved the way for the South Antalya Tourism Infrastructure Project, a 1976 loan for $46.2 million from the World Bank. In Iran, $4 million resulted in the first UNESCO-UNDP tourism program of its kind to link an international tourism agenda with a country’s national development plan: a UNESCO corridor from Tabriz to Shiraz. Drawing from archives at UNESCO and the World Bank, we explore how these initial UNESCO-UNDP tourism programs offered a further buffer for the west to both Soviet and Arab spheres of influence. Through this lens, we argue that tourism development became a way that Turkey and Iran as well as UNESCO, UNDP, and the World Bank became entangled in and benefitted from Cold War security.

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教科文组织-联合国开发计划署在冷战时期土耳其和伊朗的旅游与安全

上世纪60年代中期，联合国教科文组织在联合国开发计划署(UNDP)的资助下，在土耳其和伊朗开展了旅游业发展计划。这些项目的重点是恢复历史区域，以提高乡村旅游的能力，包括音乐会和节日。这些都是冷战时期的努力，旨在动摇建立在早期工业化和同步军事化计划基础上的农村地区的人心。在土耳其，1965年在塞德的一项规模不大的倡议为1976年从世界银行获得4620万美元贷款的南安塔利亚旅游基础设施项目(South Antalya Tourism Infrastructure Project)铺平了道路。在伊朗，400万美元促成了教科文组织-开发计划署的第一个同类旅游方案，将国际旅游议程与一个国家的国家发展计划联系起来:从大不里士到设拉子的教科文组织走廊。从联合国教科文组织和世界银行的档案中，我们探讨了这些最初的联合国教科文组织-联合国开发计划署旅游项目如何为西方提供了一个进一步的缓冲，使西方免受苏联和阿拉伯势力范围的影响。通过这一视角，我们认为旅游发展成为土耳其和伊朗以及联合国教科文组织、联合国开发计划署和世界银行卷入并受益于冷战安全的一种方式。

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来源期刊

Journal of Heritage Tourism HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM-

CiteScore

6.50

自引率

11.10%

发文量

期刊介绍： The Journal of Heritage Tourism ( JHT ) is a peer-reviewed, international transdisciplinary journal. JHT focuses on exploring the many facets of one of the most notable and widespread types of tourism. Heritage tourism is among the very oldest forms of travel. Activities such as visits to sites of historical importance, including built environments and urban areas, rural and agricultural landscapes, natural regions, locations where historic events occurred and places where interesting and significant living cultures dominate are all forms of heritage tourism. As such, this form of tourism dominates the industry in many parts of the world and involves millions of people. During the past 20 years, the study of tourism has become highly fragmented and specialised into various theme areas, or concentrations. Within this context, heritage tourism is one of the most commonly investigated forms of tourism, and hundreds of scholars and industry workers are involved in researching its dynamics and concepts. This academic attention has resulted in the publication of hundreds of refereed articles in various scholarly media, yet, until now there has been no journal devoted specifically to heritage tourism; Journal of Heritage Tourism was launched to fill this gap. JHT seeks to critically examine all aspects of heritage tourism. Some of the topics to be explored within the context of heritage tourism will include colonial heritage, commodification, interpretation, urban renewal, religious tourism, genealogy, patriotism, nostalgia, folklore, power, funding, contested heritage, historic sites, identity, industrial heritage, marketing, conservation, ethnicity, education and indigenous heritage.