Epidemiology, clinical and prognostic factors of Invasive Meningococcal Disease in a reference center in Paraguay. 2005 to 2018

Abstract

Introduction: Meningococcal disease has been and continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Objectives: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with invasive meningococcal infection hospitalized in a reference hospital center. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study based in the review of clinical records of patients admitted between 2005 and 2018 in the Institute of Tropical Medicine in whom Neisseria meningitidis was isolated o detected by PCR in blood or CSF. Results: Forty-four patients with invasive meningococcal disease were recruited during the period studied (3 ± 2 cases/year). The cases predominated in the age group <5 years (36% of all cases), with similar gender distribution. Forty-six patients (59%) had meningitis and 18 (41%) meningococcemia, 12 of them (27%) with concomitant meningitis. Forty-three percent of the patients required admission to the ICU. The lethality was 20.5% (9/44), higher in patients with meningococcemia, although without statistical significance (p = 0.16). The presence of shock (p<0.01), the ICU requirement (p=0.001), leukopenia <5000, leukocytes/mm3 (p <0.01), leukocytosis>15000/mm3 (p=0.03), thrombocytopenia<150000/mm3 (p=0.01) and the presence of <100 leukocytes field in CSF (p = 0.02) were factors associated with higher mortality. No association was found between severity and serotypes. When all the years of the study was analyzed, serogroup B was the predominant (50%); however, in the last 3 years all isolates (n = 14) corresponded to serogroups C (n = 10, 71%) and W135 (n = 4, 29%). Conclusion: Meningococcal disease presents a stable pattern of endemicity in Paraguay, with a recent increase in cases of serogroup C and W135 Currently the serogroup C constitues more than 70% of the cases. The presence of shock, leukocytosis>15,000/mm3, leukopenia <5000 / mm3, and thrombocytopenia were associated with increased mortality.