Katherine Rojas Rojas, Carlos Wilson Hernández Aguirre, Alejandra Mencía Guevara
{"title":"Transformaciones bioquímicas del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) durante un proceso de fermentación controlada","authors":"Katherine Rojas Rojas, Carlos Wilson Hernández Aguirre, Alejandra Mencía Guevara","doi":"10.15517/RAC.V45I1.45694","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"espanolLas levaduras, las bacterias acido lacticas y acido aceticas, involucradas en la fermentacion de cacao, son las responsables del consumo de los compuestos en la pulpa para desarrollar los precursores de sabor dentro del grano de cacao. Sin embargo, la fermentacion es dificil de controlar por la complejidad de este proceso y las multiples variables que la afectan, entre ellas la genetica del cultivo. Objetivo. Analizar las transformaciones bioquimicas de diferentes grupos geneticos del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) durante una micro fermentacion controlada. Materiales y metodos. Se establecio una metodologia de micro fermentacion, con un cultivo iniciador de H. opuntiae y Acetobacter spp. en 4 grupos geneticos, obtenidos de clones comerciales del CATIE e hibridos de fincas de Upala. A lo largo de la fermentacion se analizaron glucosa, fructosa, etanol, acido lactico y acetico en pulpa y metilxantinas (teobromina y cafeina) y (-)-epicatequina en grano. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contenido y comportamiento de azucares, acidos organicos o etanol en pulpa a lo largo de la fermentacion, pero si en el tiempo de fermentacion. Se observo una disminucion de metilxantinas y epicatequinas, debido a reacciones enzimaticas y no enzimaticas. El contenido promedio de epicatequina resulto ser el compuesto distintivo entre los grupos geneticos del CATIE y cafeina en los cacaos comerciales. Conclusion. La metodologia empleada posee un efecto regulador en el comportamiento de algunos metabolitos estudiados en pulpa de diferentes geneticas a lo largo de la fermentacion, asi como epicatequina y metilxantinas en grano EnglishYeasts,lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, involved in cocoa fermentation are responsible for consuming the compounds in the pulp to develop flavor precursors within the cocoa bean. However, cocoa fermentation is difficult to control due to the complexity of this process and the multiple variables that affect it, including the genetics of the crop. Objective. To analyze the biochemical transformations of different genetic groups of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) during a controlled micro-fermentation. Materials and methods. A micro-fermentation methodology was developed with a starter culture of H. opuntiae and Acetobacter spp. in 4 genetic groups, grown in the CATIE Clonal Garden and hybrids from different farms in the Upala area. Throughout the fermentation process glucose, fructose, ethanol, lactic acid and acetic acid were analyzed in pulp, and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) and (-)-epicatechin in the bean. Results. No significant differences were found in the content and dynamics of sugars, organic acids and ethanol in pulp throughout the fermentation, but differences were found at fermentation time. A decrease in methylxanthines and epicatechin triggered by enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions was observed. The average epicatechin content proved to be the distinctive compound between CATIE´s genetic groups and caffeine in commercial cocoa. Conclusion. The methodology used had a regulatory effect on the behavior of some of the studied metabolites in pulp of different genetic throughout fermentation, as well as epicatechin and methylxanthines in the bean","PeriodicalId":31178,"journal":{"name":"Agronomia Costarricense","volume":"45 1","pages":"53-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2021-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"3","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Agronomia Costarricense","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.15517/RAC.V45I1.45694","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Abstract
espanolLas levaduras, las bacterias acido lacticas y acido aceticas, involucradas en la fermentacion de cacao, son las responsables del consumo de los compuestos en la pulpa para desarrollar los precursores de sabor dentro del grano de cacao. Sin embargo, la fermentacion es dificil de controlar por la complejidad de este proceso y las multiples variables que la afectan, entre ellas la genetica del cultivo. Objetivo. Analizar las transformaciones bioquimicas de diferentes grupos geneticos del cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) durante una micro fermentacion controlada. Materiales y metodos. Se establecio una metodologia de micro fermentacion, con un cultivo iniciador de H. opuntiae y Acetobacter spp. en 4 grupos geneticos, obtenidos de clones comerciales del CATIE e hibridos de fincas de Upala. A lo largo de la fermentacion se analizaron glucosa, fructosa, etanol, acido lactico y acetico en pulpa y metilxantinas (teobromina y cafeina) y (-)-epicatequina en grano. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el contenido y comportamiento de azucares, acidos organicos o etanol en pulpa a lo largo de la fermentacion, pero si en el tiempo de fermentacion. Se observo una disminucion de metilxantinas y epicatequinas, debido a reacciones enzimaticas y no enzimaticas. El contenido promedio de epicatequina resulto ser el compuesto distintivo entre los grupos geneticos del CATIE y cafeina en los cacaos comerciales. Conclusion. La metodologia empleada posee un efecto regulador en el comportamiento de algunos metabolitos estudiados en pulpa de diferentes geneticas a lo largo de la fermentacion, asi como epicatequina y metilxantinas en grano EnglishYeasts,lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria, involved in cocoa fermentation are responsible for consuming the compounds in the pulp to develop flavor precursors within the cocoa bean. However, cocoa fermentation is difficult to control due to the complexity of this process and the multiple variables that affect it, including the genetics of the crop. Objective. To analyze the biochemical transformations of different genetic groups of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) during a controlled micro-fermentation. Materials and methods. A micro-fermentation methodology was developed with a starter culture of H. opuntiae and Acetobacter spp. in 4 genetic groups, grown in the CATIE Clonal Garden and hybrids from different farms in the Upala area. Throughout the fermentation process glucose, fructose, ethanol, lactic acid and acetic acid were analyzed in pulp, and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) and (-)-epicatechin in the bean. Results. No significant differences were found in the content and dynamics of sugars, organic acids and ethanol in pulp throughout the fermentation, but differences were found at fermentation time. A decrease in methylxanthines and epicatechin triggered by enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions was observed. The average epicatechin content proved to be the distinctive compound between CATIE´s genetic groups and caffeine in commercial cocoa. Conclusion. The methodology used had a regulatory effect on the behavior of some of the studied metabolites in pulp of different genetic throughout fermentation, as well as epicatechin and methylxanthines in the bean