Novel Clinimetric Toolset to Quantify the Stability of Blood Pressure and Its Application to Evaluate Cardiovascular Function After Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract

Profound dysfunction of the cardiovascular system occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI), which is a leading cause of mortality in this population. Most individuals with chronic SCI experience transient episodes of hypotensive and hypertensive blood pressure in response to daily life activities. There are currently limited tools available to evaluate the stability of blood pressure with respect to a reference range. The aim of this study was to develop a clinimetric toolset for accurately quantifying stability of the blood pressure measurements and taking into consideration the complex dynamics of blood pressure variability among individuals with SCI. The proposed toolset is based on distribution of the blood pressure data points within and outside of the clinically recommended range. This toolset consists of six outcome measures including 1) total deviation of the 90% of the blood pressure data points from the center of the target range (115 mmHg); 2) The area under the cumulative distribution curve starting from the percentage of blood pressure measurements within the range, and the percentage of values within symmetrically expanded boundary ranges, above and below the target range; 3) the slope of the cumulative distribution curve that is calculated by fitting an exponential cumulative distribution function and the natural logarithm of its rate parameter; 4) its x- and 5) y-axis intercepts; and 6) the fitting error. These outcome measures were validated using blood pressure measurements recorded during cardiovascular perturbation tests and prolonged monitoring period from individuals with chronic SCI and non-injured controls. The statistical analysis based on the effect size and intra-class correlation coefficient, demonstrated that the proposed outcome measures fulfill reliability, responsiveness and discrimination criteria. The novel methodology proposed in this study is reliable and effective for evaluating the stability of continuous blood pressure in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury.